Human Biology

Sara Stinson is Professor of Anthropology at Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York. The main focus of her research is on factors that lead to variation in growth among living human populations. She currently serves as Editor of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. Barry Bogin is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, Dearborn. His research interests are in social and cultural factors affecting human growth and the evolution of the human growth pattern. Among his publications are The Growth of Humanity (2001, Wiley) and Patterns of Human Growth (second edition, 1999, Cambridge University Press). Dennis O’Rourke is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Utah. His research focuses on population and evolutionary genetics, ancient DNA, and genetic epidemiology. He served as editor of Human Biology from 1999-2003.

Preface vii

Contributors ix

Part I Introduction 1

1. Human Biology: An Evolutionary and Biocultural Perspective 3
Sara Stinson, Barry Bogin, Dennis O’Rourke, and Rebecca Huss-Ashmore

2. History of Human Biology in the United States of America 23
Francis E. Johnston and Michael A. Little

Part II Heredity and Patterned Human Variation 51

3. An Introduction to Genetics 53
Mark L. Weiss and Justin Tackney

4. Genetics, Geography, and Human Variation 99
Dennis O’Rourke and Jake Enk

5. Quantitative Variation and Genetics 143
Lyle W. Konigsberg

Part III Human Adaptability 175

6. Human Adaptation to Climate: Temperature, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Altitude 177
Cynthia M. Beall, Nina G. Jablonski, and A. Theodore Steegmann, Jr.

7. Human Nutritional Evolution 251
William R. Leonard

8. Human Energetics 325
J. Josh Snodgrass

Part IV Human Biology and Health 385

9. The Epidemiology of Human Disease 387
Lisa Sattenspiel and Karen Slonim

10. Stress and Human Biology 459
Gillian H. Ice and Gary D. James

Part V The Human Life Course 513

11. Evolution of the Human Life Cycle 515
Barry Bogin and B. Holly Smith

12. Growth Variation: Biological and Cultural Factors 587
Sara Stinson

13. Aging, Senescence, and Human Variation 637
Douglas E. Crews and Gillian H. Ice

Part VI Population Dynamics 693

14. Demography Part 1: Mortality and Migration 695
Timothy B. Gage, Sharon N. DeWitte, and James W. Wood

15. Demography Part 2: Population Growth and Fertility Regulation 757
Peter T. Ellison, Barry Bogin, and Mary T. O’Rourke

Glossary 805

Index 833