Human Brain Evolution – The Influence of and marine food resources

Stephen C. Cunnane, Ph.D., holds the Canada Research Chair in Brain Metabolism and Aging and is the Director of the Research Centre on Aging at Sherbrooke University Geriatric Institute. He sits on the editorial boards of iiuinerous journals, including Nutrition, British Journal of Nutrition and Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine. Kathlyn M. Stewart, Ph.D. is a Research Scientist in Paleobiology and former Head of Paleobiology at the Canadian Museum of Nature. Specializing in environmental change and human adaptation, she has extensive field experience in Africa.

FOREWORD: EVOLUTION, ENCEPHALIZATION, ENVIRONMENT ( Phillip V. Tobias ). INTRODUCTION ( Kathlyn M. Stewart and Stephen C. Cunnane ). CONTRIBUTORS. CHAPTER 1: MACROEVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS, EXAPTATION, AND EMERGENCE IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN AND COGNITION ( Ian Tattersall ). Introduction. Natural Selection. Macroevolution. Patterns in Human Evolution. Symbolic Cognition. Exaptation and Emergence. Large Brains and Aquatic Resources. References. CHAPTER 2: LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION ( Michael A. Crawford ). Introduction - Lipids and Evolution. The Evolution of Complex Life Forms. The Language of Lipids. DHA. Evolution of Homo sapiens . DHA and Neural Pathways? A Comment on AA. The Third Phase of Earth's Life History - AA and Reproduction in Mammals. Darwin and the Conditions of Existence. Implications. Conclusion. Acknowledgments. Notes. References. CHAPTER 3: HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION: A QUESTION OF SOLVING KEY NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC CONSTRAINTS ON MAMMALIAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT ( Stephen C. Cunnane ). Introduction. Brain Evolution in Hominins. Need for A New Paradigm. Brain Development. Energy Requirements of the Brain. Nutrients and Brain Function. Brain-Selective Nutrients. Critical Importance of Baby Fat in Humans. Gene - Nutrient Interactions. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 4: METABOLIC AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF THE CRITICAL ROLE OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID IN HUMAN BRAIN FUNCTION ( J. Thomas Brenna ). Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Molecular Structure. DHA and Neural Function. Metabolic and Biophysical Considerations. Functional Importance of DHA in Retinal and Neural Membranes. Dietary Need for Preformed DHA. DHA Intake During Pregnancy and Lactation: Effects on Higher CNS Functions of the Mother and Infant. Summary. References. CHAPTER 5: LESSONS FROM SHOREBASED HUNTER-GATHERER DIETS IN EAST AFRICA ( Frits A.J. Muskiet and Remko S. Kuipers ). Introduction. Our Genetic Background. Adaptation to the Conditions of Existence. Western Diets and the Human Genome. Brain-Selective Nutrients in Health and Disease. Dietary Fatty Acids at the Land-Water Interface. Tanzanian Breast Milk Fatty Acids Versus Western Recommendations. Estimated Fatty Acid Intakes from Shore-Based Paleolithic Diets. Conclusions. Notes. References. Appendix. CHAPTER 6: THYROID HORMONE, IODINE AND HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION ( Sebastiano Venturi and Michel E. Begin ). Introduction. Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Function. Fetal Development. Antioxidant Activity of Iodine. Dietary Sources of Iodine. Iodine Defi ciency Disorders. Human Brain Evolution. Thyroid Hormone, Iodine, and Human Brain Evolution. Conclusion. References. CHAPTER 7: FOOD FOR THOUGHT: THE ROLE OF COASTLINES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES IN HUMAN EVOLUTION ( Jon M. Erlandson ). Introduction. Food for Thought. Human Nutrition and Physiology. Archaeological Evidence for the Antiquity of Fishing. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. Notes. References. CHAPTER 8: THE CASE FOR EXPLOITATION OF WETLANDS ENVIRONMENTS AND FOODS BY PRE-SAPIENS HOMININS ( Kathlyn M. Stewart ). Introduction. Hominid Exploitation of Wetlands Environments and Resources. Early Hominins: Colonization of New Environments. Plio-Pleistocene Climate Instability and Use of Wetlands Resources. Intensifi cation of Wetlands Vegetation Exploitation. The Shift to High-Quality Foods. Preconditions for Encephalization. Precessional Forcing, Drying Lakes/Rivers, and Die-Offs of Aquatic Faunas. Mammal Meat: A Later Hominin Adaptation? Postscript: H. heidelbergensis and H. sapiens. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 9: BRAIN SIZE IN CARNIVORAN MAMMALS THAT FORAGE AT THE LAND-WATER ECOTONE, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECINE PALEOBIOLOGY ( Alan B. Shabel ). Introduction. Methods. Results. Discussion. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 10: COASTAL DIET, ENCEPHALIZATION, AND INNOVATIVE BEHAVIORS IN THE LATE MIDDLE STONE AGE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA ( John Parkington ). Introduction. Changes. Climate Change. A New Narrative. References. CHAPTER 11: HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION: A NEW WETLANDS SCENARIO ( Stephen C. Cunnane and Kathlyn M. Stewart ). Human Brain Evolution. Neurochemical and Nutritional Evidence. The Fossil Evidence. Plausibility, Prediction, and Parsimony. Salient Points. Conclusion. Reference. INDEX.