Applications of Microdialysis in Pharmaceutical Science

Tung-Hu Tsai, PhD , is a Professor at the Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan. He has published more than 200 papers in the field of pharmaceutical analysis, herbal medicine, and pharmacokinetics. Dr. Tsai's current research focuses on the mechanisms of pharmacokinetic pathways, emphasizing hepatobiliary excretion and barrier transportation.

Contributors xi 1. Introduction to Applications of Microdialysis in Pharmaceutical Science 1 Tung-Hu Tsai 2. Microdialysis in Drug Discovery 7 Christian Hocht 1. Introduction 7 2. Phases of Drug Development 8 3. Role of Biomarkers in Drug Development 11 4. Role of Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Development 12 5. Role of Microdialysis in Drug Development 15 6. Microdialysis Sampling in the Drug Development of Specific Therapeutic Groups 20 7. Regulatory Aspects of Microdialysis Sampling in Drug Development 29 8. Conclusions 30 3. Analytical Considerations for Microdialysis Sampling 39 Pradyot Nandi, Courtney D. Kuhnline, and Susan M. Lunte 1. Introduction 39 2. Analytical Methodologies 49 3. Conclusions 75 4. Monitoring Dopamine in the Mesocorticolimbic and Nigrostriatal Systems by Microdialysis: Relevance for Mood Disorders and Parkinson's Disease 93 Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Massimo Peirucci, and Vincenzo Di Matteo 1. Introduction 93 2. Pathophysiology of Serotonin-Dopamine Interaction: Implication for Mood Disorders 94 3. Dopamine Depletion in the Nigrostratal System: Parkinson's Disease 109 4. Conclusions 120 5. Monitoring Neutrotransmitter Amino Acids by Microdialysis: Pharmacodynamic Applications 151 Sandrine Parrot, Bernard Renaud, Luc Zimmer, and Luc Denoroy 1. Introduction 151 2. Monitoring Neurotransmitter Amino Acids by Microdialysis 152 3. Basic Research on Receptors 162 4. Psychostimulants and Addictive Drugs 168 5. Analgesia 177 6. Ischemia-Anoxia 182 7. Conclusions and Perspectives 188 6. Microdialysis as a Tool to Unravel Neurobiological Mechanisms of Seizures and Antiepileptic Drug Action 207 Ilse Smolders, Ralph Clickers, and Yvette Michotte 1. Introduction 207 2. Microdialysis to Characterize Seizure-Related Neurobiological and Metabolic Changes in Animal Models and in Humans 209 3. Microdialysis as a Chemoconvulsant Delivery Tool in Animal Seizure Models 217 4. Microdialysis Used to Elucidate Mechanisms of Electrical Brain Stimulation and Neuronal Circuits Involved in Seizures 218 5. Microdialysis Used to Unravel the Mechanisms of Action of Established Antiepileptic Drugs and New Therapeutic Strategies 219 6. Microdialysis Studies in the Search for Mechanisms of Adverse Effects of Clinically Used Drugs, Drugs of Abuse, and Toxins 224 7. Combining Microdialysis with Other Complementary Neurotechniques to Unravel Mechanisms of Seizures and Epilepsy 226 8. The Advantage of Microdialysis Used to Sample Biophase Antiepileptic Drug Levels and to Monitor Neurotransmitters as Markers for Anticonvulsant Activity 228 9. Microdialysis Used to Study Relationships Between Epilepsy and Its Comorbidities 236 7. Microdialysis in Lung Tissue: Monitoring of Exogenous and Endogenous Compounds 255 Thomas Feurstein and Markus Zeitlinger 1. Introduction 255 2. Special Aspects Associated with Lung Microdialysis Compared to Microdialysis in Other Tissues 252 3. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into Lung Tissue 256 4. Insertion of Microdialysis Probes into the Bronchial System 257 5. Types of Probes 258 6. Endogenous Compounds 258 7. Exogenous Drugs 259 8. Animal Data 260 9. Clinical Data 262 10. Comparison of Pharmacokinetic Data in Lung Obtained by Microdialysis and Other Techniques 264 11. Predictability of Lung Concentrations by Measurements on Other Tissues 265 8. Microdialysis in the Hepatobility System: Monitoring Drug Metabolism, Hepatebiliary Excretion, and Enterohepatic Circulation 275 Yu-Tse Wu and Tung-Hu Tsia 1. Introduction 275 2. Experimental Considerations of Pharmacokinetic Studies 279 3. Pharmacokinetic and Hepatobiliary Excretion Studies Emproving Microdialysis 284 4. Conclusions 287 9. Microdialysis Used to Measure the Metabolism of Glucose, Lactate, and Glycerol 295 Greg Nowak 1.Introduction 295 2. Glucose 299 3. Lactate 301 4. Lactate/Pyruvate Ratio 303 5. Glycerol 303 10. Clinical Microdialysis in Skin and Soft Tissues 313 Martina Sahre, Runa Naik, and Hartmut Derendorf 1. Introduction 313 2. Tissue Bioavailability 314 3. PK-PD Indices 323 4. Topical Bioequivalence 329 5. Endogenous Compounds 330 6. Conclusion 331 11. Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue: Monitoring Tissue Metabolism and Blood Flow in Humans 335 Gijs H. Goossens, Wim H. Saris, and Ellen E. Black 1. Introduction 335 2. Principles and Practical Considerations in the Use of Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue 336 3. Use of Microdialysis on Adipose Tissue in Humans 342 4. Summary and Conclusions 353 12. Microdialysis as a Monitoring System for Human Diabetes 359 Anna Ciechanowska, Jan M. Wojcick, Iwuna Maruniak-Chudek,Piotr Ladyzynski, and Janusz Kraybien 1. Introduction 359 2. Monitoring Acute Complications of Diabetes 362 13. Microdialysis Use in Tumors Drug Disposition and Tumor Response 403 Quigyu Zhou and James M. Gallo 1. Introduction 403 2. Microdialysis as a Sampling Technique in Oncology 404 3. Experimental Considerations 408 4. Examples of the Use of Microdualysis to Characterize Drug Disposition in Tumor 414 5. Use of Microdialysis in the Evaluation of Tumor Response to Therapy 423 6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 423 14. Microdialysis Versus Imaging Techniques for In Vivo Drug Distribution Measurements 431 Martin Brunner 1. Introduction 431 2. Microdialysis 432 3. Imaging Techniques 434 4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 434 5. Positron-Emission Tomography 435 6. Combination of Microdialysis and Imaging Techniques 436 7. Summary and Conclusions 438 15. In Vitro Applications of Microdialysis 445 Wen-Chuan Lee and Tung-Hu Tsai 1. Introduction 445 2. Microdialysis Used in Culture Systems 446 3. Microdialysis Used in Enzyme Kinetics 453 4. Microdialysis Used in Protein Binding 455 5. Conclusions 456 16. Microdialysis in Drug-Drug Interaction 465 Mitsuhito Wada, Rie Ikeda, and Kenichiro Nakashima 1. Introduction 465 2. Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction 472 3. Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction 487 4. Conclusions 501 17. Microdialysis in Environmental Monitoring 509 Manuel Miro and Wolfgang Frenzel 1. Introduction 509 2. In Vivo and In Situ Sampling: Similarities and Differences 510 3. Critical Parameters Influencing Relative Recoveries 513 4. Detection Techniques 516 5. Calibration Methods 519 6. Environmental Applications of Microdialysis 520 7. Conclusions and Future Trends 524 Index 531