Procedures in Gastrointestinal Radiology

1 Introduction.- References.- 2 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract.- Routine Barium Meal.- Indications.- Contraindications and Precautions.- Materials.- Patient Preparation.- Esophageal Examination for Specific Problems.- Suspected Gastroesophageal Reflux (Water Siphon Test).- Globus Hystericus.- Dysphagia.- Chest Pain.- Acute Total Dysphagia.- Perforation.- Tube Esophagram.- Indications.- Contraindications and Precautions.- Materials.- Patient Preparation.- Postoperative Examination.- Indications and Choice of Technique.- Technique of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.- Radiologists and Endoscopy.- Diagnostic Technique.- Provision of an Endoscopy Service.- Evaluation of Swallowing Function and the Palate.- Evaluation of Swallowing Function.- References.- 3 Small Bowel.- Small Bowel Meal.- Double-Contrast Small Bowel Examination.- Small Bowel Enema (Enteroclysis).- Peroral Pneumocolon.- Small Bowel Follow-Through.- Reflux Small Bowel Enema.- Postoperative Small Bowel.- References.- 4 Large Bowel.- Double-Contrast Barium Enema.- Theoretical Concept.- Technique of Examination.- Examination of Remainder of Colon.- Single-Contrast Barium Enema.- Instant and Air/CO2 Enemas.- Air Enema.- Flexible Sigmoidoscopy.- Colonoscopy.- Defecography (Evacuating Proctography).- Defecography Throne.- Postoperative Colon.- Early Postoperative.- Late Postoperative.- Cancer and Polyp Follow Up: Barium Enema or Colonscopy.- References.- 5 Pediatric Gastrointestinal Examinations.- Sonography.- Indications for Examination.- Preparation for Sonographic Examinations.- Upper GI Contrast Examinations in Children.- Feeding Study.- Swallowing Study.- Speech Study.- Standard Single-Contrast Barium Meal.- Video Prone Esophagram.- Double-Contrast Examination of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum.- Single-Contrast Small Bowel Meal and Follow-Through.- Peroral Pneumocolon.- Small Bowel Enema.- Water-Soluble Contrast Meal.- Lower GI Tract Contrast Examinations in Children.- General Considerations.- Single-Contrast Enema: Choice of Contrast Media.- Water-Soluble Enema in Neonates.- Single-Contrast Barium Enema.- Intussusception Reduction.- Loopogram.- Double-Contrast Barium Enema.- Defecogram.- Miscellaneous.- Intestinal Tube Placement.- Foreign Body Removal.- References.- 6 Special Procedures.- Sinograms and Fistulograms.- Oral Cholecystography: Operative and Postoperative Cholangiography.- Oral Cholecystography.- Operative and Postoperative Cholangiography.- Liver Biopsy.- Percutaneous.- Transjugular.- Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC).- Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.- Diagnostic ERCP.- Endoscopic Sphincterotomy (ES).- Stents.- Combined Techniques.- Gastrostomy.- Radiological.- Endoscopic.- Computed Tomography.- Esophagus.- Stomach and Duodenum.- Small Bowel.- Colon and Rectum.- Pelvis.- Liver.- Pancreas.- References.- 7 Technical Aspects of Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract.- The Technologist’s Role.- Organization.- Radiation Protection.- Patient Preparation.- Communication.- Technical Factors and Equipment.- Grid.- Film/Screen Combination.- High-kV Techniques (Kilovolts).- The Barium Kitchen.- Specific Tips for Technologists During a Barium Enema.- During the Examination.- Overheads.- Specific Radiographs.- 8 Pharmacology.- References.- Appendixes.- I Products and Manufacturers.- II Further Reading.