New Directions in Affective Disorders -

New Directions in Affective Disorders

Bernard Lerer, Samuel Gershon (Herausgeber)

Buch | Hardcover
774 Seiten
1989 | 1989 ed.
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
978-0-387-96769-1 (ISBN)
85,55 inkl. MwSt
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This book is presented as a 1989 update on the task set by Robert Burton in his "Anatomy ofMelancholy," published in 1621. Burton's treatise addressed ques- tions regarding depression which are still highly relevant today: "...What is it, with all the kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostickes and several cures ofit..." These remain the core issues in affective disorders notwithstanding the remarkable progress that has been made in addressing them. New Directions in Affective Disorders sets out to provide an overviewofwhat has been achieved with particular emphasison developing trends and novel initiatives in bothfundamental research and treatment. The overriding objective of the book is to integrate significant contributions from basic and clinical science into a comprehensive format which will be of value to both clinicians and researchers. Intensive interest in affective illness isan inevitableconsequenceofthe frequency with which these disorders occur. Depression is the most common psychiatric condition, affecting as many as 50%ofpeople in Western countries at some time in their lives.
National Institute ofMental Health Statistics estimate that 15% of adults between 18 and 74 years ofage may be suffering from serious depressive disorders in any given year. Depression is a serious condition with a high mortality. A suicide rate ofapproximately 20,000 deaths per year as a result of this illness is almost certainly a conservative estimate.

Contributors.- I Pathogenesis of Affective Disorders and Basic Mechanisms of Drug Action.- I.A. Animal Models and Antidepressant Predictability.- 1 Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Stress: A Rat Model of Depression.- 2 Study of Olfactory Bulbectomized Rats: Revelations About Major Depressive Disorder.- 3 Bilaterally Olfactory Bulbectomized Rat Model of Depression.- 4 Behavioral Despair: Past and Future.- 5 Genetically Nervous and Normal Pointer Dogs: Relation Between Hearing and Behavioral Abnormalities.- 6 Agonist-Induced Down-Regulation of ?1-Adrenergic Receptors: Possible Biochemical Rationale for Novel Antidepressants.- 7 Behavioral Pharmacology and Clinical Antidepressant Effects of ?-Adrenergic Agonists.- I.B. Monoamines and Neuropeptides.- 8 Beyond Nosology in Biological Psychiatry: Prolegomena of a Functional Psychopathology.- 9 Serotonergic Aspects of Agonistic Behavior.- 10 Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Dysfunction in the Affective Disorders.- 11 Neuropeptides and Affective Disorders.- 12 Antemortem and Postmortem Measures of Central Nervous System Serotonergic Function: Methodological Issues.- 13 Postmortem Investigation of Serotonergic and Peptidergic Hypotheses of Affective Illness.- I.C. Cholinergic Mechanisms.- 14 Genetic Animal Model of Depression with Cholinergic Supersensitivity.- 15 Impact of the Cholinergic System on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenocortical Axis and on REM Sleep.- 16 Relation Between m-Cholinoceptor Density on Human Blood Cells and Psychological Predisposition Factors for Depression.- 17 Differential Effects of Physostigmine in Alcoholics, Alcoholics with Affective Disorder, and Normal Individuals.- I.D. Basic Mechanisms of Antidepressants and Anxiolytics.- 18 Serotonin/Norepinephrine/Steroid Receptor Link in Brain and the Mode of Action of Antidepressants: Update and New Perspectives.- 19 Presynaptic Sites of Antidepressant Action: Monoamine Transport Systems and Release-Modulating Autoreceptors.- 20 Light-Dark-Related Changes in the Serotonin Uptake Molecular Complex in Rat Brain: Involvement in Antidepressant Action.- 21 Role of Serotonin (and Coexisting Peptides) in the Action Mechanism of Antidepressant Drugs.- 22 GABAB Receptors and Antidepressant Drugs.- 23 Antidepressants and Phospholipid Metabolism: ?-Adrenoceptor Regulation in Cultured Human Cells.- 24 Nicotinic Effects of Antidepressants.- 25 Molecular Sites of Anxiolytic Action.- 26 Modulation of the Benzodiazepine/GABA Receptor Chloride Ionophore Complex: Evidence for an Asymmetrical Response of GABA-Gated Chloride Channels to Stress.- I.E. Basic Mechanisms of Lithium Action.- 27 Lithium Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase Activity: Site of Action and Interaction with Divalent Cations.- 28 Comparison of the Effects of Lithium and Antidepressant Drugs on Second Messenger Systems in Rat Brain.- 29 Effects of Lithium Ions on the Metabolism of Phosphoinositides.- 30 Comparison of Theories of Lithium Action Based on Phosphatidylinositol Metabolism with Theories Based on Cyclic AMP.- 31 Serotonin and Catecholamines in Lithium Treatment.- 32 Lithium and Calcium Antagonists: Do They Act on One Neuronal Function?.- 33 Red Blood Cell Lithium Transport in Affective Illness: A Possible Mechanism of Action of Lithium.- I.F. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.- 34 Selective Localization and Selective Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase in Human Brain.- 35 Effect of Selective Monoamine Oxidase Substrates and Inhibitors on Lipid Peroxidation and Their Possible Involvement in Affective Disorders.- 36 Pharmacology of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.- 37 Regulation of Functional Cytoplasmic Pool of Serotonin by MAO-A and MAO-B: Implications for Antidepressant Therapy.- 38 Neurochemical Profile of the Antidepressant Moclobemide, a Reversible Type A Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor with Minimal Tyramine Potentiating Activity in Rats.- II Neurobiology of Affective Disorders.- II. A. New Genetic Findings.- 39 Power of Genetic Linkage Studies for Heterogeneous Disorders.- 40 Single Locus Markers in Affective Disorders.- 41 One Form of Bipolar Affective Disorder is Mapped to Chromosome 11.- 42 X-Linkage Studies in Affective Disorders.- 43 Recombinant DNA Studies of X Linkage in Affective Disorders.- 44 Segregation Analysis in Families of Affective Patients Subdivided According to Treatment Outcome and Personality Disorders.- II.B. Biological Markers.- 45 Peripheral Blood Cell Biological Markers in Depression.- 46 ?2-Adrenoceptors and Associated Functional Responses in Endogenous Depression.- 47 Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites in CSF in Depression and Under the Influence of Antidepressant Drugs.- 48 High Affinity Imipramine Binding and Serotonin Uptake in Human Platelets as a Peripheral Biological Marker in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.- 49 Resting EEG as a Genetic Marker.- 50 EEG Sleep Changes in Recurrent Depression.- II.C. Chronobiology.- 51 Circadian and Ultradian Rhythms of 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol in Subtypes of Depressive Illness.- 52 Chronobiological Dysregulation of the Noradrenergic System in Depression.- 53 Diurnal Rhythm of Cortisol in Depression: What Is Normal and What Is Not.- 54 Circadian Rhythm Disturbance in Affective Disorders: Facts and Fictions.- II.D. Psychoneuroendocrinology.- 55 Pathophysiology of the Limbic-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortex System: An Overview.- 56 Neuroendocrine Dysfunctions in Affective Disorders: Effects of Clinical Changes.- 57 Preclinical and Clinical Investigations of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor: Assessment of Its Role in Depressive Disorders.- 58 Neuroendocrine Effects of Intravenous Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor in Affective Disorder Patients and Normal Controls.- 59 TRH Stimulation Test in Psychiatry.- 60 Luteinizing Hormone and Prolactin Response to Buprenorphine in Depression and Schizophrenia.- 61 Neuroendocrine Factors in Antidepressant Drug Therapy.- 62 Neuroendocrine Studies of the Mechanism of Action of Antidepressant Drugs.- 63 Growth Hormone Response to Clonidine Stimulation in Affective Disorders: Effects of Lithium Therapy.- 64 Endocrinological Diseases Mimicking Affective Disorders.- III Affective Disorders in Populations at Risk.- III.A. Affective Disorders and Suicide.- 65 Epidemiology and Psychosocial Risk Factors for Suicide.- 66 Genetics and Suicidal Behavior in the Affective Disorders.- 67 Suicidal Behavior Among Children and Adolescents.- 68 Death Anxiety in a Psychiatric Population of Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Adolescents.- 69 Neurotransmitters and Neurotransmitter Receptors in Depressed Suicide Victims.- 70 Peripheral Serotonin and Catecholamine Levels and Suicidal Behavior.- 71 Past Suicide Attempt and Monoamine Metabolites: Comparing CSF Concentrations and Angularized Ratios.- III.B. Affective Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence.- 72 Affective Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Introduction.- 73 Study and Treatment of Childhood Depression as a Prototype for the Research and Conceptualization of Other Psychopathologies in Child Psychiatry.- 74 New Hypotheses of the Pharmacotherapy of Childhood and Adolescent Depression.- 75 Depression in Children: Defining the Therapeutic Range for Imipramine.- 76 Good Results with the Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Adolescent Inpatients: Implications for Diagnosis in Adolescent Psychiatry.- 77 Social Development of Children at High Risk for Depression: Preadolescence and Early Adolescence.- 78 Psychiatric Disorders in Children of Depressed Parents.- III.C. Affective Disorders in the Elderly.- 79 Diagnostic Criteria for Depression in Alzheimer's Disease.- 80 Association of Somatic Disease with Affective Disorders in Middle and Old Age.- 81 Excess Mortality in Late Life Depression.- 82 Adverse Effects of Antidepressant Drugs in the Elderly.- III.D. Affective Disorders and Reproductive Cyclicity in Women.- 83 Menarche and Menstrual Symptoms: Psychosocial Perspectives.- 84 Affect and Nurturance in First-Time Mothers: Role of Psychobiological Influences.- 85 Myth of Menopausal Depression.- IV Related Affective Syndromes.- IV.A. Anxiety Disorders.- 86 Epinephrine-Induced Anxiety and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Anxious Patients.- 87 Neurobiological Mechanisms of Panic Anxiety: Review of the Behavioral, Biochemical, and Cardiovascular Effects of Three Panicogenic Stimuli.- 88 Caffeine Model of Panic.- 89 Pharmacological Treatment of Panic Disorders.- IV.B. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.- 90 Heterogeneity and Coexistence in DSM-III-R Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.- 91 Applicability of Models of Anxiety to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.- 92 Frontal Lobe Involvement in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Electroencephalographic Evidence.- 93 Pharmacological Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.- 94 Use of Antiandrogens in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: Theoretical Considerations.- IV.C. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.- 95 Psychobiology of the Trauma Response.- 96 Psychophysiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.- 97 From CSR to PTSD.- 98 Social Support Versus Self-Sufficiency in Traumatic and Posttraumatic Stress Reactions.- 99 Pharmacotherapy Trials in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Prospects and Problems.- 100 Psychobiology of Dissociation.- IV.D. Anorexia and Bulimia.- 101 Eating Disorder and Affective Disorder: How Real Is the Relation?.- 102 Neuroendocrine Findings in Depression, Anorexia Nervosa, and Bulimia.- 103 Antidepressant Therapies for Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.- 104 Psychodynamic Reflections on Anorexia Nervosa.- IV.E. Schizoaffective Disorder.- 105 Schizoaffective Psychoses: Six Hypotheses.- 106 Psychopharmacology of Schizoaffective Mania.- 107 Neuroendocrinology of Schizoaffective Disorders.- 108 Prophylaxis of Schizoaffective Disorders.- 109 Treatment of Depression in Schizophrenia.- V New Directions in Treatment.- V.A. Classification and Pharmacotherapy.- 110 Pharmacotherapy and the Overlap Between Affective and Other Psychiatric Disorders.- 111 Classification of Affective Disorders and Psychopharmacology: Rosetta Stone or Hypothetical Construct?.- 112 Diagnostic Dimensions of the Newcastle Scales and the Response to Antidepressant Treatments.- V.B. Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorder.- 113 Mode of Action of Anticonvulsants in Affective Illness.- 114 Acute and Prophylactic Properties of Carbamazepine in Bipolar Affective Disorders.- 115 Use of Carbamazepine in Affective Illness.- 116 Action of Carbamazepine Suspension in Acute Manic Syndromes.- 117 Carbamazepine in the Long-Term Treatment of Affective Disorders: Research Strategies.- 118 Plasma Levels of Carbamazepine in Affective Disorder.- 119 Efficacy and Safety of Lithium-Carbamazepine Combination in Mania.- V.C. Treatment Strategies for Resistant Depression.- 120 Patient Characteristics and Factors Associated with Chronic Depression and Its Treatment.- 121 Resistant Depression: Clinical Characteristics and Response to Treatment.- 122 Clinical Indicators in Resistant Depressions.- 123 Combined MAO Inhibitor and Tri/TetraCyclic Antidepressant Treatment in Therapy-Resistant Depression.- 124 Management of Resistant Major Depression.- V.D. Antidepressants in Clinical Practice: Placebo Response in Depression.- 125 Clinical Characteristics of Placebo Response in Depression.- 126 Pretreatment Pituitary-Adrenocortical Status: Prediction of Placebo Response in Depression.- 127 Clinical Features, DST, and Response to Placebo in Depressed Outpatients.- V.D. Antidepressants in Clinical Practice: Plasma Levels of Antidepressants.- 128 Antidepressant Drug Measurement: Review of Methods for Clinical Application.- 129 Relation Between Plasma Antidepressant Concentrations and Clinical Effects.- 130 Clinical Implications of the Tricyclic Antidepressant Hydroxy-Metabolites.- 131 Disposition and Effects of E-10-Hydroxynortriptyline-An Active Metabolite of Nortriptyline.- 132 Genetic Polymorphism in Drug Oxidation: Implications for the Clinical Use of Tricyclic Antidepressants.- V.D. Antidepressants in Clinical Practice: Adverse Effects of Antidepressants.- 133 Overdosage of Antidepressants.- 134 Risk-Benefit Assessment of Deaths from Adverse Drug Reactions and Overdosage with Antidepressants.- 135 Assessing the Safety of Antidepressant Drugs After Marketing: A U.S. View.- 136 Tricyclic Antidepressants, Electroconvulsive Therapy, and Memory in Depressed Patients.- V.E. GABA-Mimetics as Antidpressants.- 137 GABA Theory of Depression and Antidepressant Drug Action.- 138 GABA-Mimetic Agent Fengabine in the Treatment of Depression: An Overview.- 139 Antidepressant Activity of Progabide and Fengabine.- 140 Activity of Fengabine, a GABAergic Drug, in Depression.- 141 Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Controlled Study of Progabide Versus Imipramine.- V.F. Therapeutic Variations in ECT Administration.- 142 Electrode Placement and Stimulus Waveform: Conceptual and Practical Issues.- 143 Unilateral and Bilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depressive Illness.- 144 ECT: Rising Trends and Current Policy.- 145 Pharmacological Manipulation of Seizure Duration: A New Direction in ECT Technology.- 146 "Isoflurane Narcotherapy" in Depression: Methodological Issues.- V.G. Psychotherapy of Depression.- 147 Response to Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy Among Recurrent Depressives.- 148 Cognitive Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: Current Status.- 149 Use of Reminiscing in the Psychotherapy of Depression.

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