Cell Migration in Development and Disease

Doris Wedlich gained her PhD in zoology at the Westfalische--Wilhelms--Universitat of Munster. She carried out her postdoctoral training at the Max--Planck--Institute for Developmental Biology in Tubingen, before directing her first research group at the Free University Berlin at the Institute for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. In 1992 she was appointed Full Professor for Biochemistry at the University of Ulm and has been Full Professor and Head of the Institute for Zoology at the Universitat Karlsruhe (TH) since 2001. Today, Professor Wedlich's research is centered on Wnt--signaling and the regulation of cell adhesion as well as on the molecular processes of tumor invasion.

Preface. List of Contributors. Color Plates. I Cell Shape Modulations and Cell Surface--Nucleus Connections: Prerequisites for Cell Migration. 1 Functional Phases in Cell Attachment and Spreading (Michael P. Sheetz, Benjamin J. Dubin--Thaler, Gregory Giannone, Guoying Jiang, and Hans--Gunther Dobereiner). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Fibroblast Spreading on Matrices. 1.3 Summary of Spreading Process. 1.4 References. 2 Polarized Cell Motility: Microtubules Show the Way (J. Victor Small and Irina Kaverina). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Microtubules Meet the Actin Cytoskeleton at Focal Adhesions. 2.3 Microtubule Targeting Promotes Focal Adhesion Turnover. 2.4 Contractility, the Functional Link. 2.5 Kinesin and Signal Transmission. 2.6 Tip Complexes Meet Adhesion Complexes. 2.7 Focal Adhesions Influence Microtubule Dynamics. 2.8 Actin Talks Back: Tension and Microtubule Guidance. 2.9 Conclusions and Perspectives. 2.10 Acknowledgments. 2.11 References. 3 Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Chemotaxis (Chris Janetopoulos, Yu Long, and Peter Devreotes). 3.1 Chemotaxis is a Fundamental Cellular Response. 3.2 Directional Sensing Occurs Downstream of G Protein Activation and Upstream of the Accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3. 3.3 Input--Output Relationships Reveal Gradient Amplification in Polarized and Unpolarized Cells. 3.4 Increase in Local PI(3,4,5)P3 Precedes Actin Polymerization Responses. 3.5 Positive Feedback and the Actin Cytoskeleton May Stabilize Directional Sensing and Establish Polarity. 3.6 References. 4 Dual Location Proteins: Communication Between Cell Adhesions and the Nucleus (Erin G. Cline and W. James Nelson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 LIM Protein Family. 4.3 MAGUK Protein Family. 4.4 Armadillo Repeat Protein Family. 4.5 Other Proteins -- Symplekin. 4.6 Dual Location. 4.7 Conclusion. 4.8 Acknowledgments. 4.9 References. II Classical Examples of Cell Migration in Development. 5 Cell Migration During Zebrafish Gastrulation (Irinka Castanon and Carl--Philipp Heisenberg). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. 5.3 Discussion. 5.4 Concluding Remarks. 5.5 References. 6 Aspects of the Origin and Function of Cell Mediolateral Intercalation Behavior (MIB) During Convergent Extension (Ray Keller). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Origin of Mediolateral Intercalation Behavior (MIB). 6.3 Is the Elongation of the Cells due to External Traction or Polarized Cell Adhesion, or to Internal Cytoskeletal Events? 6.4 Possible Mechanisms of Secondary Alignment and Orientation. 6.5 Global Patterning: the Progressive Expression of MIB. 6.6 Local Contact--mediated Processes of Polarization. 6.7 Bipolarity Versus Monopolarity: The Importance of Being Decisive. 6.8 Specialization of Cell Polarity and Intercalation Behavior. 6.9 Traction is the Key, But it Has Not been Measured. 6.10 References. 7 On the Border of Understanding Cell Migration (Jocelyn A. McDonald and Denise J. Montell). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Who, What, When, and Where of Border Cell Migration. 7.3 Regulating the Cytoskeleton. 7.4 Adhesive Forces Provide Traction for Border Cell Migration. 7.5 Relationship of Border Cell Migration to Tumor Metastasis. 7.6 Acknowledgment. 7.7 References. 8 Glia Cell Migration in Drosophila(Gundula Edenfeld and Christian Klambt). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Migration Must be Controlled. 8.3 Migrating Cells in Drosophila. 8.4 Migration of Glial Cells. 8.5 Development of the Embryonic Drosophila Nervous System. 8.6 The Midline Glia. 8.7 PNS Glia Embryo and Larvae. 8.8 Conclusion. 8.9 References. 9 The Neural Crest: Migrating from the Border (Marianne Bronner--Fraser). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Different Populations of Neural Crest Cells along the Rostrocaudal Axis. 9.3 Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cues Influence Neural Crest Migration. 9.4 Trunk and Hindbrain Neural Crest Migrate in a Segmental Fashion. 9.5 Attraction and Repulsion in Neural Crest Cell Guidance. 9.6 Conclusions. 9.7 References. 10 Primordial Germ Cell Migration in Zebrafish (Erez Raz). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 PGC Migration in Zebrafish: Hints from Embryological Studies. 10.3 Guidance Cues for Zebrafish PGCs. 10.4 PGC Migration: Cellular Behavior Aspects. 10.5 Signaling Pathways Controlling Primordial Germ Cell Migration in Zebrafish. 10.6 Conclusions and Future Directions. 10.7 References. 11 HGF/SF c--Met Signaling in the Epithelial--Mesenchymal Transition and Migration of Muscle Progenitor Cells (Ute Schaeper and Walter Birchmeier). 11.1 Introduction: Hepatocyte Growth Factor/scatter Factor (HGF/SF) is a Pleiotropic Growth Factor. 11.2 HGF/SF is the Ligand for the Proto--oncogene c--Met. 11.3 HGF/SF acts as a Paracrine Growth Factor in Normal Tissue. 11.4 Functional Role of HGF/SF and c--Met in the Development of Skeletal Muscles. 11.5 c--Met Substrates are Required for Migration of Muscle Progenitor Cells. 11.6 Evolution of Migratory Muscle Progenitor Cells. 11.7 Outlook. 11.8 Acknowledgments. 11.9 References. III Cell Migration Crucial for Immune Response, Wound Healing, and Tumorigenesis. 12 Host--Pathogen Interactions and Cell Motility: Learning from Bacteria (Theresia E. B. Stradal, Silvia Lommel, Jurgen Wehland, and Klemens Rottner). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Concepts for Bacterial Entry: 'Trigger' versus 'Zipper'. 12.3 Intracellular Actin--based Motility. 12.4 Actin Pedestal Formation by Pathogenic E. coli: Directing Cytoskeletal Organization across the Plasma Membrane. 12.5 Conclusions. 12.6 Acknowledgments. 12.7 References. 13 Transendothelial Migration of Leukocytes (William A. Muller and Alan R. Schenkel). 13.1 Sequential Adhesive Events in Leukocyte Emigration. 13.2 Locomotion. 13.3 Diapedesis. 13.4 Acknowledgments. 13.5 References. 14 Chemokine--controlled Migration in Lymphoid Organogenesis and the Systemic Organization of Immunity (Martin Lipp). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Lymphoid Organogenesis. 14.3 Organization of Lymph Node and Splenic Micro--architecture by Homeostatic Chemokines. 14.4 Chemokine--controlled Migration of Lymphocytes and Dendritic Cells during Immune Responses. 14.5 Concluding Remarks. 14.6 Acknowledgments. 14.7 References. 15 Keratinocyte Migration in Wound Healing (Cord Brakebusch). 15.1 The Skin. 15.2 Wound Healing. 15.3 Models for Wound Healing. 15.4 Initiation of Wound Healing and Keratinocyte Activation. 15.5 Growth Factors and Cytokines. 15.6 Transcription Factors. 15.7 Integrin Receptors. 15.8 Extracellular Matrix. 15.9 Directed Migration of Keratinocytes. 15.10 Migration Stopping and Deactivation. 15.11 Conclusion. 15.12 Acknowledgment. 15.13 References. 16 From Tumorigenesis to Tumor Progression: Signaling Pathways Driving Tumor Invasion and Metastasis (Klaudia Giehl, Andre Menke, Doris Wedlich, Michael Beil and Thomas Seufferlein). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Oncogenic Ras Proteins in Tumor Progression and Metasasis. 16.3 Signals Controlling Cellular Adhesion Complexes. 16.4 Switching from Cell--cell Adhesion to Migration: a Role for beta--Catenin as Nuclear Wnt--signal Transducer? 16.5 The HGF/SF Signaling Cascade Mediated via the c--Met Receptor. 16.6 Bioactive Lipids. 16.7 Keratin Regulation by Sphingolipids -- a Key to Metastasis? 16.8 References. Subject Index.