The Biokinetics of Flying and Swimming

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Form and Locomotion.- 1.2 Dynamic Similarity.- 2 Dragging, Floating, and Jumping.- 2.1 Terminal Speed of Free-falling Bodies.- 2.2 Drifting in Air.- 2.3 Drifting in Water.- 2.4 Jumping and Free Falling.- 3 Flight by Gliding.- 3.1 Wing Characteristics.- 3.2 Gliding Flight in Birds.- 3.3 Wind Effects on Gliding Flight.- 3.4 Auxiliary Devices.- 3.5 Other Forms of Gliding Flight.- 3.6 Rotary Seeds.- 4 Flight by Beating.- 4.1 Powered Flight.- 4.2 Wing Motions.- 4.3 Power-Saving Flight.- 4.4 Flight in Insects.- 4.5 Flight Mechanics in Insects.- 5 Swimming by Snaking.- 5.1 Micro- and Medium-sized Elongate Organisms.- 5.2 Undulatory Motion of a Large Elongate Body.- 6 Swimming by Fanning.- 6.1 Fish.- 6.2 Slender Bodies.- 6.3 Fanning Mechanics.- 6.4 Cetacea and Sirenia.- 7 Swimming by Other Methods.- 7.1 Paddling and Whipping.- 7.2 Jetting.- 7.3 Sweeping.- 7.4 Beating.- 7.5 Sailing.- 7.6 Skating and Wave Riding.- 8 Conclusion.- 8.1 Concluding Remarks by Chapter.- 8.2 Wing Types and Body Forms.- 8.3 In Summary.- References and Further Reading.