Compendium of Thermophysical Property Measurement Methods

I. Thermal Conductivity Measurement Methods.- 1. Axial Heat Flow Methods of Measuring Thermal Conductivity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Considerations.- 3. Basic Problems in Axial Heat Flow.- 4. Operating Procedures.- 5. Experimental Systems.- References.- 2. Analysis of Apparatus with Radial Symmetry for Steady-State Measurements of Thermal Conductivity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fundamental Radial Heat Flow Apparatus.- 3. Thermal Analysis-HEATING5.- 4. Heat Flow in a Fundamental RHFA with Right-Circular Symmetry.- 5. Heat Flow in Experimental Apparatus for Measurements on Solids.- 6. Thermal Conductivity Measurements on Powders Using Radial Heat Flow Apparatus.- 7. Thermometry in Radial Heat Flow Apparatus.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. Recommendations.- References to Appendix.- References.- 3. Thermophysical Property Determinations Using Direct Heating Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Description of Several Direct Heating Apparatus.- 4. Experimental Difficulties and Critical Evaluation of Direct-Heating Methods.- 5. Summary.- References.- 4. Guarded Hot-Plate Method for Thermal Conductivity Measurements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles of the Method.- 3. Apparatus Types.- 4. Field of Application.- 5. Apparatus Description and Design Requirements.- 6. Error Evaluation. Performances.- 7. Limitations Due to Specimen.- 8 Realizations and Measurement Results.- 9. Reference Materials and Interlaboratory Comparative Measurements.- 10. Conclusions.- References.- 5. Hot-Wire Method for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Materials.- 1. Introduction and Background.- 2. Experimental Techniques.- 3. Comparison with Other Methods.- 4. Modifications.- 5. Summary.- References.- 6. B.S. 1902 Panel Test Method for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Materials.- 1. General Introduction.- 2. General Outline of the Method.- 3. Error Analysis.- References.- II. Electrical Conductivity Measurement Methods.- 7. High-Temperature Measurements of Electrical Conductivity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Considerations About the Conductivity Measurements.- 3. Measurement of Total Conductivity: Two- and Four-Probe Arrangements.- 4. Measurements on Mixed Conductors.- 5. Spurious Effects in High-Temperature Measurements of Electrical Conductivity.- 6. Contacts and Electroding Techniques.- 7. A Short Survey of Instrumentation.- References.- III. Thermal Diffusivity Measurement Methods.- Thermal Diffusivity: Introduction.- 8. Pulse Method for Thermal Diffusivity Measurement.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Method.- 3. Experimental.- 4. Transient Temperature Measurement.- 5. Measurement Errors.- 6. Summary.- References.- 9. Temperature Wave Techniques.- 10. Electron Bombardment Modulated Heat Input Method.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principle of the Procedure Used for Thermal Diffusivity Measurement by Modulated Electron Bombardment.- 3. Physical Principles Interfering with Heating by Electron Bombardment.- 4. Mathematical Principles for the Experimental Determination of Thermal Diffusivity by Modulated Electron Heating.- 5. Experimental Techniques of Thermal Diffusivity Measurement Using Modulated Electron Heating.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 11. Monotonic Heating Regime Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity.- 1. Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity in the Narrow Temperature Range.- 2. Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity in the Wide Range.- References.- IV. Specific Heat Measurement Methods.- Specific Heat: An Introduction.- 12. Adiabatic Calorimetry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method.- 3. Adiabatic Calorimeters.- 4. Automatic Control of Adiabatic Conditions.- 5. Estimation of Errors of Adiabatic Calorimetry.- References.- 13. Heat-Capacity Calorimetry by the Method of Mixtures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fundamental Considerations.- 3. The Method of Mixtures.- 4. Classification and Description of Drop Calorimeters.- 5. Current Activity and Future Prospects.- References.- 14. Levitation Calorimetry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Peculiarities of Investigations of Thermodynamic Properties of Refractory Metals and Their Melts at Temperatures Above 1500-2000 K.- 3. Levitation Heating.- 4. Measurement of Temperature of Solid and Liquid Specimens.- 5. Facilities for Levitation Calorimetry and Description of Experimental Procedures Used.- 6. Measurement Errors.- References.- 15. Modulation Calorimetry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of Modulation Method.- 3. Modulation of Heating Power.- 4. Registration of Temperature Oscillations.- 5. Nonadiabatic Regime of Measurements.- 6. Direct Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Specific Heat.- 7. Determination of Isochoric Specific Heat Using Temperature Fluctuations.- 8. Measurements at High Modulation Frequencies.- 9. Modulation Methods for Studying Thermal Expansion, Electrical Resistivity, and Thermopower.- 10. Determination of Temperature of Wire Samples by Thermal Noise.- 11. Accuracy of Modulation Measurements.- 12. Employments of Modulation Methods.- 13. Conclusion.- References.- 16. Pulse Calorimetry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Description of Methods.- 3. Chronology of Developments.- 4. Experimental Difficulties and Sources of Errors.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 17. Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry to the Measurement of Specific Heat.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry..- 3. Operating Variables.- 4. Practical Aspects.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- V. Thermal Expansion Measurement Methods.- 18. Thermal Expansion Measurement by Interferometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interference Patterns.- 3. Dilatometric Interferometers.- 4. The Experimental Cell.- 5. Experimental System Layout.- 6. Data Acquisition and Treatment.- References.- VI. Thermal Radiative Property Measurement.- 19. Measurement of Thermal Radiation Properties of Materials.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thermal Radiation Techniques.- 3. Measurement of Thermal Radiation Properties.- 4. Discussion and Conclusions.- Appendix: Nomenclature.- References.- VII. Thermophysical Property Standard Reference Materials.- 20. Certified Reference Materials for Thermophysical Properties.