Pathology of Laboratory Animals

1 The Cardiovascular System.- Normal Anatomic Features.- Pericardium.- Myocardium.- Endocardium.- Arteries.- Veins.- Lymphatics.- Heart.- Pericardium.- Noninflammatory Fluid Accumulations.- Hydropericardium.- Hemopericardium.- Inflammation.- Pericarditis.- Miscellaneous Lesions.- Hemorrhage.- Mineralization.- Urate Deposits.- Pericardial Neoplasms.- Myocardium.- Inflammation.- Myocarditis.- Degenerative Lesions.- Fatty Change.- Lipofuscinosis.- Mineralization.- Myocardial Necrosis and Fibrosis.- Myocardial Lesions in Muscular Dystrophy.- Myocardial Infarction.- Miscellaneous Conditions.- Rhabdomyomatosis.- Round Heart Disease of Chickens and Turkeys.- Neoplasms.- Endocardium.- Inflammation.- Endocarditis.- Miscellaneous Conditions.- Depositions.- Valvular Telangiectasis.- Atrial Thrombosis.- Endocardiosis.- Endocardial Disease in the Rat.- Congenital Malformations.- Pericardial Defects.- Patent Ductus Arteriosus.- Persistent Right Aortic Arch.- Aortic Stenosis.- Pulmonic Stenosis.- Tetralogy of Fallot.- Septal Defects.- Endocardial Fibroelastosis.- Congestive Heart Failure.- Left-Sided Heart Failure.- Right-Sided Heart Failure.- Arteries.- Degenerative Arteriopathies.- Atherosclerosis.- Hypertension and Arteriosclerosis.- Mineralization (Calcification).- Aneurysm and Rupture.- Amyloidosis.- Nutritional and Metabolic Arteriopathies.- Toxic Arteriopathies.- Lead Poisoning.- Mercurial Poisoning.- Proliferative Arteriopathies.- Arteritis.- Polyarteritis (Panarteritis, Periarteritis).- Arterial Lesions in Hypersensitivity Syndromes.- Parasitic Diseases of Arteries.- Filariasis.- Spirocercosis.- Medial Hyperplasia of Feline Pulmonary Arteries.- Angiostrongylosis.- Protozoan Arterial Infections.- Other Arterial Parasitisms.- Thromboembolic Arteriopathies.- Vascular Neoplasms.- Veins.- Phlebitis and Thrombophlebitis.- Phlebothrombosis.- Lymphatics.- References.- 2 The Respiratory System.- Normal Anatomy, Histology, and Ultrastructure.- Gross Anatomy.- Preservation and Fixation of Pulmonary Tissue.- Microscopic Anatomy.- Ultrastructure.- Viral Diseases.- Giant Cell Pneumonia (Measles) in Primates.- Canine Distemper.- Poxviruses.- Adenoviruses.- Herpesviruses.- Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis.- Canine Herpesvirus.- Herpes simiae, Herpes tamarinus and Herpes Infections of Primates.- Cytomegalovirus.- Feline Picornavirus.- Reovirus Infection.- Feline Pneumonitis.- Pneumonia Virus of Mice.- Sendai Virus Infection.- K Virus of Mice.- Rat Coronavirus.- Mycoplasma Diseases.- Murine Chronic Respiratory Disease-Mycoplasma pulmonis.- Mycoplasma Infections of the Respiratory System of Other Species.- Bacterial Diseases and Agents.- Tuberculosis.- Pneumococcal Infection.- Klebsiella pneumoniae.- Pasteurella multocida.- Pasteurella pneumotropica.- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.- Corynebacterium kutscheri.- Staphylococcus Species.- Melioidosis.- Bordetella bronchiseptica.- Mycobacterium lepraemurium.- Streptobacillus moniliformis.- Mycotic Diseases.- Geotrichum candidum in the Dog.- Protozoan Diseases.- Pneumocystosis.- Toxoplasmosis.- Miscellaneous Disorders of the Respiratory System.- Pneumoconiosis and Aspiration of Foreign Material.- Kaolinite Aspiration and Granulomas in Primates.- Amyloidosis.- Lipid Pneumonia.- Fat Embolism.- Pulmonary Edema.- Histiocytosis.- Hemothorax.- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia.- Parasites.- Cestodes.- Trematodes.- Nematodes.- Aelurostrongylus abstrusus.- Filaroides milksi.- Filaroides osleri.- Filaroides gordius.- Angiostrongylus cantonensis.- Crenosoma vulpis.- Gongylonema spices.- Capillaria aerophila.- Anatrichosoma cutaneum and Anatrichosoma cynamolgi.- Pentastomes.- Linguatula serrata.- Arthropods.- Annelida.- Neoplasms.- Pulmonary Adenomatosis.- Primary Neoplasms of the Respiratory System.- Metastatic Neoplasms of the Respiratory System.- References.- 3 The Urinary System.- Glomerulonephritis.- Mice.- New Zealand Black (NZB) Mice.- Mice Infected with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus.- RF Mice.- NH Mice.- Mice Infected with Murine Tumor Viruses.- Rats and Mastomys.- Guinea Pigs.- Aleutian Disease of Mink.- Nonhuman Primates.- Cats.- Dogs.- Reptiles.- Chickens.- Interstitial Nephritis.- Focal Interstitial Nephritis.- Diffuse Interstitial Nephritis.- Acute and Subacute.- Chronic.- Canine.- Feline.- Suppurative Nephritis and Pyelonephritis.- Acute and Subacute.- Chronic.- Parasitic Nephritis.- Nonhuman Primates.- Dogs.- Mice, Rats, and Guinea Pigs.- Rabbits.- Progressive Renal Disease in Rats (Glomerulonephrosis).- Nephropathy in Mice.- Nephrosis.- Renal Amyloidosis.- Nonhuman Primates.- Mice.- Hamsters.- Dogs.- Cats.- Vascular Lesions.- Renal Infarcts.- Bilateral Cortical Necrosis.- Papillary Necrosis.- Renal Calcification (Mineralization).- Nonviral Cellular Inclusions in the Urinary Tract.- Pigment Deposition in the Urinary Tract.- Urolithiasis.- Cystitis.- Congenital Malformations.- Renal Agenesis and Aplasia.- Renal Hypoplasia.- Renal Fusion.- Glomerular Dysplasia.- Kidney Disease of Mice and Familial Renal Disease of Norwegian Elkhounds.- Polycystic Kidney Disease.- Hydronephrosis.- Ectopic Ureter.- Congenital Ureteral Valves.- Uremia.- References.- 4 The Digestive System.- Oral Cavity.- Salivary Glands.- Esophagus.- Stomach.- Small Intestine.- Large Intestine.- Liver.- Biliary System.- Avian Bursa Fabricius.- Pancreas.- Abdominal Cavity and Peritoneum.- References.- 5 The Nervous System.- Viral Infections.- Canine Herpesvirus Encephalitis.- Herpesvirus Encephalitis in Nonhuman Primates.- Encephalitis due to Herpes simplex (Herpesvirus hominis).- Herpes B (B virus, Herpesvirus simiae).- Herpesvirus T (Herpesvirus tamarinus, Herpesvirus M).- Marek's Disease.- Rat Virus Encephalitis.- Cerebellar Hypoplasia Due to Feline Panleukopenia Virus.- Encephalitis Due to Reovirus III.- Canine Distemper.- Old Dog Encephalitis.- Newcastle Disease in Chickens.- Rabies.- Mouse Encephalomyelitis (Poliomyelitis in the Mouse, Theiler's Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection).- MHG Virus Encephalomyelitis in Rats.- Poliomyelitis in Nonhuman Primates.- Avian Encephalomyelitis.- Type C RNA Virus Myelitis in Mice.- Encephalitis due to Murine Hepatitus Virus (MHV) (Hepatoencephalitis Group).- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.- Mycoplasmal, Bacterial, and Fungal Infections.- Rolling Disease of Mice and Rats-Mycoplasma neurolyticum Infection.- Purulent Meningitis and Brain Abscesses.- Tuberculosis.- Cryptococcosis.- Parasitic Infections.- Encephalitozoonosis (Nosematosis, Microsporidiosis).- Toxoplasmosis.- Helminth and Insect Infections of the Central Nervous System.- Neoplasms.- Nutritional, Demyelinating, Toxic, Metabolic, and Degenerative Diseases.- Thiamine Deficiency in the Cat.- Coonhound Paralysis (Idiopathic Polyradiculitis).- Lead Poisoning.- Lipid Storage Diseases (Lipidoses).- Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System.- Selected Neurologic Mutations in Mice.- References.- 6 The Endocrine System.- Pituitary.- Developmental Anomalies of the Pituitary.- Pharyngeal Hypophysis.- Cysts of the Craniopharyngeal Duct.- Cystic Dilation of the Residual Hypophyseal Lumen of Rathke's Cleft.- Aplasia or Hypoplasia of the Pituitary.- Atrophic Changes in the Pituitary.- Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases of the Pituitary.- Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of the Pituitary.- Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Pituitary.- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Dysfunction.- Dwarfism, Cretinism, and Dwarf-cretinism in Rabbits.- Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus.- Cushing-like Syndrome and Disease.- Caudal Neurosecretory System in Fish.- Adrenal.- Developmental Disturbances.- Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Neoplasia of the Adrenal.- Degenerative and Inflammatory Changes of the Adrenal.- Hypoadrenocorticism.- Hyperfunction of the Adrenal.- Thyroid.- Developmental Anomalies of the Thyroid Gland.- Aplasia and Hypoplasia.- Ectopic Thyroid Tissue.- Persistent Thyroglossal Duct.- Degenerative Changes of the Thyroid.- Atrophy.- Miscellaneous.- Autoimmune Thyroiditis.- Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of the Thyroid.- Nodular Goiter.- Diffuse Hyperplastic Goiter.- Colloid Goiter.- Exophthalmic Goiter.- Goiter in Fish.- Goiter in Amphibians and Reptiles.- Goiter in Birds.- Goiter in Mammals.- Primary Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Thyroid.- Parathyroids.- Calcium Metabolism.- Control of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion.- Biologic Effects of Parathyroid Hormone.- Ultimobranchial Gland and Thyroid C-Cells.- Biological Effects of Calcitonin.- Regulation of Calcitonin Secretion.- Physiologic Significance of Calcitonin.- Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Fish.- Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D).- Metabolic Activation of Vitamin D.- Biologic Effects and Mechanism of Action of Active Metabolites.- Disorders of Parathyroid Glands.- Hypoparathyroidism.- l-Asparaginase-induced Hypoparathyroidism in Rabbits.- Isoimmune Hypoparathyroidism in Dogs.- Autoimmune Parathyroiditis Following Ozone Inhalation.- Parathyroid Suppression.- Parturient Hypocalcemia in Cows Fed a High Calcium Diet Prepartum.- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism-Nutritional Origin.- Pathophysiologic Mechanisms.- Clinical Features.- Diagnosis.- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism-Renal Origin.- Pathophysiologic Mechanisms.- Clinical Features.- Diagnosis.- Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- Pathophysiologic Mechanisms.- Histologic Features.- Ultrastructural characteristics.- Clinical Features.- Diagnosis.- Differential Diagnosis.- Pseudohyperparathyroidism.- Disorders of Thyroid C-Cells.- Hypercalcitoninism.- Frequency.- Clinical Characteristics.- Gross Morphology.- Histologic Features.- Ultrastructural Characteristics.- Bioassay for Calcitonin Activity.- Etiology.- Growth and Metastases.- Hypocalcitoninism.- References.- 7 The Reproductive Tract.- Embryology.- Germ Cells.- Gonadal Differentiation.- Sexual Differentiation of the Tubular Genitalia and Accessory Sex Glands.- Sexual Differentiation of the External Genitalia.- Ovary.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis.- Dysgenesis.- Sex Reversal.- Functional Disorders.- Atrophy.- Ovarian Cysts.- Retained Corpora Lutea.- Infectious Diseases.- Neoplasms.- Adenoma, Adenocarcinoma, and Cystadenocarcinoma.- Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumors.- Dysgerminomas.- Teratomas.- Arrhenoblastoma, Gynandroblastoma, Hilar Cell Tumors, Carcinosarcoma.- Nonintrinsic Stromal Tumors.- Metastatic Lesions.- Oviducts.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis, Segmental Aplasia, Hypoplasia.- Functional Disorders.- Atrophy.- Hyperplasia.- Oviductal Pregnancy.- Infectious Diseases.- Neoplasms.- Uterus.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis, Aplasia, Dysgenesis.- Hypoplasia.- Intersex.- True Hermaphroditism.- Male Pseudohermaphroditism.- Female Pseudohermaphroditism.- XO Chromosomal Constitution (Turner-like Syndrome).- Sex-Reversed Mice.- Syndrome of Testicular Feminization.- Functional Disorders.- Atrophy.- Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia.- Endogenous Estrogens.- Exogenous Estrogens.- Endogenous Progesterone.- Exogenous Progesterone.- Pyometra.- Squamous Metaplasia.- Infectious Diseases.- Viral Diseases.- Herpesviruses.- Rubella.- Rubeola.- Panleukopenia.- Other Viruses.- Bacterial Diseases.- Canine Brucellosis.- Listeriosis.- Rabbit Venereal Spirochetosis.- Mycoplasmal Infections.- Mycoplasma.- Protozoan Infections.- Trichomoniasis.- Neoplasms.- Endometriosis.- Endometrial Polyps.- Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium.- Carcinoma of the Cervix.- Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma.- Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas.- Other Neoplasms.- Vagina, Clitoris, and Vulva.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis, Hypoplasia, Dysgenesis.- Functional Disorders.- Atrophy.- Hyperkeratinization.- Infectious Diseases.- Viral Diseases.- Bacterial Diseases.- Mycotic Infections.- Protozoan Infections.- Neoplasms.- Leiomyoma and Fibroma.- Transmissible Canine Venereal Tumor.- Testis and Epididymis.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis, Anorchia.- Hypoplasia.- Dysgenesis.- Functional Disorders.- Atrophy.- Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia.- Inflammation and Infectious Disease.- Neoplasms.- Sertoli-cell Tumor (Sustentacular-cell, Tumor, Tubular Adenoma).- Interstitial cell Tumor (Leydig cell Tumor).- Seminoma.- Teratoma.- Other Neoplasms.- Vas Deferens.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis, Segmental Aplasia, Hypoplasia.- Functional Disorders.- Atrophy.- Inflammation and Infectious Disease.- Neoplasms.- Accessory Sex Glands.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis, Hypoplasia.- Functional Disorders.- Atrophy.- Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia.- Squamous Metaplasia.- Inflammation and Infectious Disease.- Neoplasms.- Penis and Prepuce.- Developmental Abnormalities.- Agenesis.- Hypoplasia.- Phimosis and Paraphimosis.- Hypospadias and Epispadias.- Functional Disorders.- Inflammation and Infectious Disease.- Neoplasms.- References.- 8 Diseases of Skin.- Structure and Function.- Hair Follicles.- Sebaceous Glands.- Apocrine Sweat Glands.- Ceruminous Glands.- Eccrine Sweat Glands.- Peri- or Circumanal Glands.- Anal Sac or Pouch (Sinus Paranalis).- Reaction to Injury.- Tumors of Skin.- Epithelial Tumors.- Basal Cell Tumor.- Clinical Appearance.- Microscopic Appearance.- Squamous Cell Tumors.- Squamous Papilloma.- Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- Microscopic Appearance.- Keratoacanthoma.- Mummifying (Calcifying) Epithelioma.- Microscopic Appearance.- Sebaceous Gland Tumors.- Clinical Appearance.- Microscopic Appearance.- Perianal (Hepatoid) Gland Tumors of Dogs.- Clinical Findings.- Microscopic Appearance.- Age Incidence.- Breed Incidence.- Sex Incidence.- Site Incidence.- Sweat Gland Tumors.- Clinical Appearance.- Microscopic Appearance.- Hair Follicle Tumors (Trichoepithelioma).- Clinical Appearance.- Microscopic Appearance.- Mesenchymal Tumors.- Fibrous Tissue Tumors.- Fibroma.- Fibrosarcoma.- Hemangiopericytoma (Perithelioma).- Clinical Findings.- Microscopic Appearance.- Neurofibroma.- Neurofibrosarcoma.- Fatty Tissue Tumors.- Lipoma.- Liposarcoma.- Xanthomatosis of Chickens.- Vascular Tissue Tumors.- Hemangioma.- Hemangioscarcomas (Malignant Endothelioma).- Lymphangioma and Lymphangiosarcoma.- Lymphoid Tumors.- Mast Cell Tumors (Mastocytoma).- Clinical Appearance.- Clinicopathologic Correlations.- Histologic Appearance.- Tumors of Unclassified Cells.- Yaba Virus Lesions.- Canine Histiocytoma.- Clinical Appearance.- Histologic Appearance.- Transmissible Veneral Tumor.- Melanogenic Tumors.- Benign Dermal Melanomas.- Malignant Melanomas.- Tumorlike Nodules.- Calcinosis Circumscripta.- Microscopic Appearance.- Endocrine Dermatosis.- Hyperestrogenism.- Hyperadrenocorictism (Cushing's Syndrome).- Hypothyroidism.- Acanthosis Nigricans.- Parasitic Diseases.- Mite Infestations.- Scabies.- Ear Mites.- Cheyletiellosis.- Psorergates Simplex.- Myobia musculi and Myoptes musculinus.- Dermanyssus Gallinae.- Knemidocoptes.- Other Mites.- Tick Lesions.- Insect Lesions.- Fleas (Siphonaptera).- Lice.- Flies.- Helminthic Lesions.- Hookworm Dermatitis.- Filariasis.- Dracunculosis.- Mycotic Lesions.- Superficial Mycoses.- Dermatophytosis.- Dermatophilosis (Cutaneous Streptotrichosis).- Moniliasis (Candidiasis or Thrush).- Lobo's Disease (Lobomycosis).- Mycotic Granulomas.- Cryptococcosis (Torulosis).- Blastomycosis.- Maduromycosis.- Phycomycosis.- Sporotrichosis.- Rhinosporidiosis.- Epizootic Lymphangitis.- Bacterial Diseases.- Nocardiosis.- Actinomycosis.- Mycobacteriosis.- Actinobacillosis.- Staphylococcosis.- Streptococcosis.- Aeromoniasis.- Hemophilosis.- Myxobacteriosis.- Vibriosis.- Clostridiosis.- References.- 9 Special Senses.- Diseases of the Ear.- Malformations.- External Ear.- External Auricular Canal.- Foreign Bodies.- Bacterial Inflammations (Otitis Externa Acuta).- Otitis Externa Purulenta.- Otitis Externa Ulcerosa.- Otitis Externa Hyperplastica.- Parasitic Diseases.- Acarus (Sarcoptes).- Psoroptes.- Chorioptes.- Demodex.- Trombidiidae.- Fungal Diseases.- Aspergillus fumigatus.- Favus.- Spirochaetosis cuniculi.- Middle Ear.- Otitis Media Acuta.- Otitis Media Chronica.- Labyrinthitis.- Complication of Labyrinthitis.- Primates.- References.- Pathology of the Eye.- Degenerations of the Retina.- Retinal Degeneration in the Rat.- Retinal Degeneration in the Mouse.- Generalized Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Dogs.- Central Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Dogs.- Atrophy of Retinal Cones in Dogs.- Retinal Degeneration in Cats.- Feline Central Retinal Degeneration.- Diffuse Retinal Atrophy in Cats.- Retinal Dysplasia.- Cataracts.- Comparative Pathology of Ocular Tumors.- Classification of Tumors of the Eye and Adnexa.- Extraocular Tumors.- Epithelial Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of the Eyelids, Conjunctiva, and Cornea.- Soft Tissue (Mesenchymal) Tumors of the Orbit and Adnexa.- Tumors of the Melanogenic System.- Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Glands.- Tumors of the Optic Nerve.- Secondary Tumors of the Orbit and Adnexa.- Intraocular Tumors.- Tumors of the Uveal Tract.- Melanogenic Tumors.- Vascular Tumors.- Muscle Tumors.- Tumors of the Iris and Ciliary Epithelium.- Congenital Tumors.- Acquired or Adult-Type Tumors.- Tumors of the Retina.- Secondary Tumors of the Eye.- References.- 10 The Musculoskeletal System.- Bones.- Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of Bone.- Evolutionary Changes in Bone Structure.- Variation Among Vertebrates.- Vertebrae.- Ribs and Sternum.- Pectoral Girdle.- Pelvic Girdle.- Appendages.- Skull.- Variation in Microscopic Structure.- Types of Osseous Tissue.- Differences in Bone Development.- Variation in Normal Element of Mature Bone.- Bone Development and Growth.- Genetic Influences.- Environmental Influences (Teratology).- Hormonal Influences,.- Nutritional Influences.- Abnormalities Associated with Systemic Metabolic Disorders.- Abnormalities of Uncertain Pathogenesis.- Chondrodysplasia.- Osteopetrosis.- Spondylolisthesis.- Bone Homeostatsis.- Factors Influencing Mineral Metabolism.- Hormonal.- Calcium and Phosphorus Absorption.- Renal.- Factors Influencing Bone Morphology.- Abnormalities of Bone Homeostasis.- Osteoporosis.- Rickets and Osteomalacia.- Fibrous Osteodystrophy.- Scurvy and Vitamin C.- Hyperostoses.- Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy.- Hyperostoses of Nutritional Origin.- Hypervitaminosis D.- Canine Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy.- Hypervitaminosis A.- Canine Panostosis (Panosteitis).- Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy.- Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses.- Lead Toxicity.- Fluorosis.- Osteosclerosis Myelofibrosis.- Disorders of Individual Epiphyses and Apophyses.- Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Legg-Perthes Disease, Coxa Plana).- Traumatic Avulsion and Slipped Epiphysis.- Atlanto-axial Subluxation.- Osgood-Schlatter's Disease.- Osteochondrosis of the Canine Shoulder (Osteochondritis Dissecans/Transverse Fracture of Articular Cartilage of the Canine Humerus).- Bone Necrosis (Osteosis).- Inflammatory Bone Disease.- Bacteria, Actinomycetales, and Spirochetales.- Pyogenic Osteitis.- Chronic Osteitis.- Tuberculosis.- Treponema.- Turbinate Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease.- Fungi.- Parasites.- Viruses.- Parvoviruses.- Feline Herpesvirus.- Avian Osteopetrosis.- Joints, Bursae, and Tendon Sheaths.- Anatomy.- Chondrocalcinosis (Pseudogout).- Gout.- Degenerative Joint Disease.- Classification.- Primary Degenerative Arthropathy.- Secondary Degenerative Arthopathy.- Ankylosing Spondylosis and Degeneration of Intervertebral Discs.- Joint Dysplasia.- Inflammatory Joint Disease.- Infectious Arthritis, Bursitis, and Tendonitis.- Rheumatoid Arthritis.- Ankylosing Spondylitis.- General References.- References.- Muscle Diseases.- Procedures for Morphologic Studies of Skeletal Muscle and Some Associated Artifacts.- Gross Examination.- Histologic and Ultrastructural Study.- Fixation.- Staining.- Artifacts.- Normal Anatomy and Histology of Muscle.- Rigor Mortis.- General Reactions of Muscle to Injury.- Alterations in Fiber Size.- Nuclear Changes.- Degeneration and Regeneration.- Cellular Reactions.- Circulatory Disturbances.- Calcification and Ossification.- Congenital Defects.- Congenital Clefts of the Diaphragm.- Hyperplasia of Muscle in Calves and Lambs.- Myofibrillar Hypoplasia of Piglets.- Arthrogryposis and Dysraphism.- Muscular Hypertonicity in Scottish Terrier Dogs.- Myotonia.- Muscular Dysgenesis in the Mouse.- Inflammatory Diseases (Myositis).- Bacterial Myositis.- Viral Myositis.- Mycotic Myositis.- Leptospirosis.- Sarcosporidiosis.- Toxoplasmosis.- American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' Disease).- Helminthic Myositis.- Toxic Myopathy.- Miscellaneous Disease of Muscle.- Myasthenia Gravis.- Eosinophilic Myositis and Atrophic Myositis (Masticory Myositis) of Dogs.- Idiopathic Myositis of Dogs.- Polymyositis.- Hindleg Myopathy of Old Rats.- Myositis in Guinea Pigs.- Myoglobinuria.- Transport and Stress Myopathy.- Myopathies of Poultry.- Hereditary Muscle Dystrophy.- Mouse.- Syrian Hamster.- Chicken.- Turkey.- Mink.- Sheep.- Dog.- Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy.- Historical Background.- Clinical Disease and Pathology.- References.- 11 Hematologic Disorders.- The Evaluation of the Hemic System.- Introduction: Laboratory Techniques.- Specimen Handling.- Quality Control in the Laboratory.- Specimen Testing in Hemic System Examination.- Standard Testing Procedures.- Microscopic Examination of the Blood Film.- Cytochemical Staining.- The Rabbit.- Blood Collection Techniques.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Strain or Breed.- Age.- Sex.- Seasonal or Diurnal Variations.- Nutritional Changes.- Stress or Trauma.- The Erythrocyte.- Reticulocytes.- Osmotic Fragility.- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.- The Leukocyte.- Amphophil (Neutrophil).- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- Lymphocyte.- Monocyte.- The Platelet.- The Bone Marrow.- The Hamster.- Blood Collection Techniques.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Age.- Seasonal or Diurnal Variations.- Stress or Trauma.- The Erythrocyte.- Morphology.- Normal Values.- The Leukocyte.- Neutrophil.- Lymphocyte.- Monocyte.- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- The Platelet.- Morphology.- Normal Values.- The Bone Marrow.- The Guinea Pig.- Blood Collection Techniques.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Strain or Breed.- Age.- Sex.- Seasonal or Diurnal Variation.- The Erythrocyte.- Morphology.- Normal Values.- The Leukocyte.- Pseudoeosinophil.- Lymphocyte.- Monocyte.- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- The Platelet.- Morphology.- Normal Values.- The Bone Marrow.- The Mouse.- Blood Collection Techniques.- The Erythrocyte.- Reticulocyte.- Osmotic Fragility.- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Strain.- Aging in the CFi Strain.- Aging in the C57BL/6J Strain.- Aging in the Regular Yellow AY Strain.- Aging in the Parkes Strain.- Sex.- The Leukocyte.- Neutrophil.- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- Lymphocyte.- Monocyte.- The Platelet.- Hemopoiesis in the Spleen.- The Bone Marrow.- The Rat.- Blood Collection Techniques.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Strain.- Age.- Aging in the Fischer Strain.- Aging in the AXC Strain.- Aging in the Wistar Strain.- Aging in the Long-Evans Strain.- Aging in the Sprague-Dawley Strain.- Sex.- Pregnancy and Lactation.- The Erythrocyte.- Morphology.- Life-Span.- Reticulocyte.- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.- Osmotic Fragility.- Blood Volume.- The Leukocyte.- Neutrophil.- Lymphocyte.- Monocyte.- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- Normal Values.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Leukopenia.- Leukocytosis.- The Platelet.- Morphology.- Normal Values.- The Bone Marrow.- Normal Cellularity.- The Cat.- Blood Collection Techniques.- The Erythrocyte.- Morphology.- Life-Span.- Reticulocyte.- Erythrocyte-Refractile Inclusions.- Osmotic Fragility.- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.- The Leukocyte.- Neutrophil.- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- Lymphocyte.- Monocyte.- Normal Values.- Platelet.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Sex.- Age.- The Bone Marrow.- The Dog.- Blood Collection Techniques.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Strain and Breed.- Age.- Sex.- Diurnal Variations.- Season and Altitude.- Breeding Cycles and Pregnancy.- Excitement and Conditioning.- The Erythrocyte.- Morphology.- Osmotic Fragility.- Blood Volume.- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.- The Leukocyte.- Neutrophil.- Lymphocyte.- Monocytes.- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- The Platelet.- Morphology.- Normal Values.- The Bone Marrow.- Miniature Swine.- Blood Collection Techniques.- Sources of Variation in Normal Values.- Strain or Breed.- Age.- Sex.- Stress.- The Erythrocyte.- Osmotic Fragility.- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.- The Leukocyte.- Neutrophil.- Lymphocytes.- Monocyte.- Eosinophil.- Basophil.- The Platelets.- Nonhuman Primates.- Blood Collection Techniques.- Conditioning.- The Prosimians.- Erythrocyte.- Leukocyte.- New World Primates.- The Callithricidae.- The Owl Monkey.- The Squirrel Money (Saimiri sciureus).- Old World Primates-Cercopithecidae.- The Macaque.- Variations Due to Sex in the Macaque.- Age-Related Changes in Macaca mulatta.- Variations Due to Pregnancy and Parturation in Macaca mulatta.- Bone Marrow-Macaca mulatta.- The African Guenon (Cercopithecus sp.).- The Baboon (Papio sp.).- Diseases of the Erythron.- Nutritional Diseases of the Erythron.- Protein Deprivation.- Iron-Deficiency Anemia.- Copper-Deficiency Anemia.- Folic Acid-Deficiency Megaloblastic Anemia.- Pyrodoxine (Vitamin B6) Deficiency.- Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency.- Ribonflavin Deficiency.- Magnesium Deficiency.- The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Hemic System.- Immunohemolytic Anemias.- Isoimmune Hemolytic Anemia.- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia.- Drug-Induced, Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia.- Genetic Disease.- Stem Cell Disorders.- Stem Cell Function.- Other Effects.- The Steel Mutations.- Hertwig's Anemia (Gene Symbol, an).- Anemia Associated with Diminutive (Gene Symbol, dm).- Anemia Associated with Tail-Short (Gene Symbol, Ts).- Cyclic Hemopoiesis in Gray Collie Dogs (Gene Symbol, d).- Hypochromic Anemias.- Anemia of Flex-Tailed Mice (Gene Symbol, f).- Sex-Linked Anemia of Mice (Gene Symbol, sla).- Hereditary Microcytic Anemia of the Mouse (Gene Symbol, mk).- Anemia of the Belgrade Laboratory Rat (Gene Symbol, b).- "Hemoglobin Deficit" in Mice (Gene Symbol, hbd).- Hemolytic Anemias.- Hereditary Spherocytosis in the Deer Mouse (Gene Symbol, sp).- Hereditary Spherocytosis in the House Mouse (Gene Symbol, sph).- Jaundiced (Gene Symbol, ja).- Hemolytic Anemia (Gene Symbol, ha).- Normoblastic Anemia (Gene Symbol, nb).- Pyruvate Kinase-Deficiency Hemolytic Anemia in Dogs.- Alaskan Malamute Chondrodysplasia with Hemolytic Anemia (Gene Symbol, dan).- Miscellaneous Disorders.- Fetal Erythroblastic Anemia (No Gene Symbol Allocated).- Anemia Associated with Luxoid (Gene Symbol lst).- Cribriform Degeneration (Gene Symbol, cri).- Infectious Diseases of the Erythron.- Malaria.- General.- Nonhuman Primates and Rodents.- Plasmodium cynomolgi.- Plasmodium gonderi.- Plasmodium simium.- Plasmodium fieldi.- Plasmodium simiovale.- Plasmodium coatneyi.- Plasmodium fragile.- Plasmodium maleriae.- Plasmodium brasilianum.- Plasmodium inui.- Plasmodium knowlesi.- Plasmodium reichenowi.- Plasmodium schwetzi.- Plasmodium sp. (Gibbons).- Plasmodium sp. (Orangutans).- Plasmodium sp. (Rodents).- Hepatocystis.- Babesiosis.- General.- Canine Babesiosis.- Simian Babesiosis.- Entopolypoides macaci.- Rodent Babesiosis.- Haemobartonellosis, Eperythrozoonosis, and Grahamellosis.- General.- Description of the Genus Haemobartonella.- Description of the Genus Eperythrozoon.- Description of the Genus Grahamella.- Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology.- Ehrlichiosis.- Disorders of Leukocytes.- Hematologic Response.- Nonneoplastic Diseases of Leukocytes.- Pelger-Huet Anomaly.- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome.- Benign Infectious Lymphocytosis.- Vacuolization of Granulocytic Precursors.- Disorders of Platelets.- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.- Thrombocytopenia Associated with Bone-Marrow Depression.- Isoimmune Thrombocytopenia.- Drug-induced Disorders of Platelet Function.- Canine Glanzmann's Disease.- Thrombopathy of Fawn-hooded Rats.- Disorders of Hemostasis.- Disease Affecting the Vessel Wall.- Inherited Defects of the Procoagulants.- Hemophilia.- von Willebrand's Disease.- Christmas Disease (Factor XI Deficiency, Hemophilia B).- Factor VII Deficiency.- Factor X Deficiency.- Hypofibrinogenemia and Afibrinogenemia.- Hemorrhagic Diathesis of the Owl Monkey.- Acquired Disorders of Coagulation.- Prothrombin Deficiency of the Newborn.- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.- Vitamin K Deficiency.- Hemorrhagic Diathesis Associated with Scurvy in the Guinea Pig.- Species-specific Characteristics of the Hemostatic Mechanism.- References.