Textbook of Human Disease in Dentistry

Dr Mark Greenwood is a Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Newcastle upon Tyne. He is qualified in both dentistry and medicine and has fellowships in Dental Surgery, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgery. A major interest is medical and dental education. He has written several publications in peer reviewed journals, mainly relating to medicine in dentistry and has published a book on the same subject. Professor Robin Seymour is at the School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. He has published 8 books on topics related to human diseases, especially in the area of pharmacology. Likewise, Dr John Meechan has a similar profile. Other authors, Max Robinson, Iain Mcleod and Roger Jay provide input in the area of pathology, radiology and general medicine respectively.

Contributors
Preface
1 Clinical examination and history taking
Components of a medical history
Clinical observations in the clothed patient
Specific lesions
2 Inflammation and anti–inflammatory drugs
Cell and tissue injury
Wound healing
Inflammation
Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation
Anti–inflammatory drugs
3 Principles if infection and infection control
3A Sterilisation, disinfection and antiseptics
Sterilisation and disinfection
Antiseptics
3B Principles of infection and infection control, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections
Introduction
Use of the laboratory in the diagnosis of bacterial infection
Antibacterial drugs
Antibacterial use in dentistry
3C Viruses relevant to dentistry and antiviral agents
Viruses relevant to dentistry
Diagnosis and treatment of virus infections
Antiviral agents
3D Infection with immunodeficiency virus and implications for the oral cavity
Infection with HIV
Oral manifestations of HIV disease
Diagnosis of HIV infection
3E Fungi and antifungal agents
Fungi
Antifungal agents
4 Immunological disease
Introduction
Overview of a normal immune response
What is immunodeficiency?
Examples of specific primary immunodeficiences which may be seen in dental practice
Implications of immunodeficiency in dental practice
Allergy in dental practice
Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy)
Causes of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions in dental practice
Other reactions
Autoimmune disease
Immunosuppressants
5 Cardiovascular disorders
5A Introduction to cardiovascular disease
The heart and circulation
Cardiovascular pathology
Thrombosis, embolism, ischaemia and infarction
Clinical features of cardiovascular disease
5B Heart failure
Introduction
Clinical aspects of heart failure
Treatment of heart failure
5C Cardiac arrhythmias
Pathophysiology
Drugs used to manage cardiac arrhythmias
5D Valvular heart disease
Introduction
Pathology of valvular heart disease
5E Hypertension
Measurement of blood pressure
Drugs used to treat hypertension
Treatment of hypertension
5F Anticoagulants, drugs affecting blood clotting
Heparin
Oral anticoagulants
Uses of anticoagulants
Antiplatelet drugs
5G Dental implications of cardiovascular disease
Hypertensive patients
Patients post–myocardial infarction
Other aspects of management
Smoking and the cardiovascular system
5H Peripheral vascular and cardiac surgical disorders
Peripheral vascular disorders
Cardiac surgical disorders
6 Respiratory disorders
Introduction
Clinical assessment
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Lung cancer
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS)
Respiratory tract infections
Cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis
Pulmonary embolism
Fibrotic lung disease
Management of inhaled foreign body
Respiratory disorders and dentistry
7 Gastrointestinal disorders
Introduction
Relevant points in the history
Examination
Liver disease
Nutritional disorders
Dental aspects of GI system disorders
8 Renal disorders
Introduction
Structure of the kidneys
Normal renal function
Clinical presentation of abnormal renal function
Investigation of renal dysfunction
The kidney and systemic disease
Dental aspects relating to renal patients
9 Neurology and special senses
9A Neurology
Head injury
Types of brain injury
9B ENT
Deafness
Tinnitus
Vertigo
Dizziness
Infections and inflammatory disorders of the ear, nose, sinuses and tonsils
9C Neurological disorders and dental practice
Relevant points in the history
General examination
Neurological disorders: management considerations in dental practice
9D Stroke, speech and swallowing
Stroke
Speech
Swallowing
9E Ophthalmology
Measurement of vision
Common causes of visual loss
The acute red eye
Conditions of common interest
Ophthalmic complications of dental anaesthesia
9F Anticonvulsant and anti–Parkinsonian drugs
Anticonvulsant drugs
Anti–Parkinsonian drugs
10 Musculoskeletal disorders
Introduction
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Reactive arthritis
Other joint disorders
Disorders mainly involving soft tissues
Management of fractures and joint replacements
Metabolic bone disease and calcium
Investigations of bone disease
Drugs used in bone disease
Parathyroid disorders
Important bone conditions
Other bone disorders
Dental treatment in patients with musculoskeletal disorders
11 Skin disorders
Infections
Viral infections
Immunologically mediated skin diseases
Facial eruptions
Pigmented lesions
Malignant epidermal tumours
12 Endocrinology and diabetes
Endocrinology
The adrenal glands
The thyroid gland
The pituitary gland
The parathyroid glands
Diabetes mellitus
Oral contraceptives
Pregnancy
Other endocrine conditions of relevance
Dental aspects in endocrine patients
13 Haematology
13A General haematology, haematooncology
Normal haemopoiesis
Haemoglobin
Anaemia
Haemoglobinopathies
Multiple myeloma
Bone marrow failure syndromes
Lymphomas
13B Haemostasis
Overview of normal haemostasis
Inherited bleeding disorders
Acquired disorders of haemostasis
Warfarin and dental surgery
13C Transfusion medicine
Introduction
Blood group systems
Red cell antibodies
Blood components
Hospital pre–transfusion testing
Platelets
Fresh frozen plasma
Risks of transfusion
14 Pain and anxiety control
Local anaesthetics
Vasoconstrictors
Adverse effects of dental local anaesthesia
Drugs used in conscious sedation
15 Adverse drug reactions and interactions
Adverse drug reactions
Drug interactions
16 General oncology
Introduction
Disorders of growth and differentiation
Neoplasia
Clinical oncology
Tumour identification and diagnosis
Introduction to head and neck oncology
Oral complications of malignancy
Palliative and terminal care
The future
17 Child health
Development
Child health surveillance
Respiratory infections in childhood
Oral infections
Clefts of the lip and palate
Child physical abuse
18 Care of the elderly
Ageing
Features of illness in old age
Care settings for older people
History taking
Examination
General principles of management
Prescribing for older dental patients
19 Psychiatric disorders
19A General psychiatry
Introduction
Anxiety disorders
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Hypochondriasis
Psychogenic pain
Eating disorders
Substance misuse
Schizophrenia
Mood disorders
Specific groups for special consideration: children
Specific groups for special consideration: the elderly
Specific groups for special consideration: people with learning disabilities
Capacity and consent
Referral to psychiatric services
19B Drug abuse
Alcohol
Smoking
Cannabis
Heroin and methadone
Cocaine
Amphetamines and ecstasy
Hallucinogens
Solvent abuse
Anabolic steroids and performance enhancers
19C Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
Anxiolytic drugs
Hypnotic drugs
20 Medical emergencies
Introduction
Loss of consciousness
Fainting (vaso–vagal syncope)
Chest pain
The diabetic patient
Hypersensitivity reactions
Fits
Cardiac arrest
Asthma
Hyperventilation
Choking
Adrenal crisis
Stroke
Local anaesthetic emergencies
Sedation emergencies
Emergencies arising from impaired haemostasis
Appendix: normal reference ranges
Index