Ratio & Proportion Dosage Calculations

Anthony Giangrasso was born and raised in Maspeht, NY.  He attended Rich High School on a scholarship and in his senior year was named in a citywide contest by the New York Jounral-American newspaper as New York City's most outstanding high school scholar-athlete.  He was also awarded a full-tuition scholarship to Iona College, from which he obtained a BA in mathematics, magna cum laude, with a ranking of sixth in his graduating class.   Anthony began his teaching career as a fifth-grade teacher in Manhattan as a member of the Christian Brothers of Ireland, and taught high school mathematics and physics in Harlem and Newark, NJ.  He possesses an MS and Ph.D. from New York University, and has taught at all levels from elementary school ghrough graduate school.  He is currently teaching at Adelphi University and LaGuardia Community College, where he was chairman of the mathematics department.  He has authored eight college textbooks through twenty-one editions.   Anthony's community service has included membership on the Boards of Directors of the Polish-American Museum Foundation, Catholic Adoptive Parents Association, and Family Focus Adoptive Services.  He was the president of the Italian-American Faculty Association of the City University of New York, and the founding Chairman of the Board of the italian-American Legal Defense and Higher Education Fund, Inc.  He and his wife, Susan, are proud parents of three children Anthony, Michael, and Jennifer.  He enjoys tennis, and in 2007 for the second time was ranked #1 for his age group in the Eastern Section by the United States Tennis Association.   Dolores Shrimpton is the immediate past president of the New York State Associate Degree Nursing Council, where she also served as the vice president and member of its Board of Directors.  She was the co-chair of the CUNY Nursing Discipline Council for more than ten years, an active member of the Nurses Association of the Counties of Long Island (NACLI), D14 of the New York State Nurses Assocaition, an active member of the Nursing Capacity Team, which founded the Brooklyn Nursing Partnership (BNP).  She has served on the Board of Directors and as the first co-vice president of the BNP.  She was also the project co-director of the New York State Coalition for Nursing Educational Mobility (NYSCNEM).  She serves on a number of Advisory Boards of LPN, associate degree, and baccalaureate degree nursing programs.   Dolores has received many awards for her achievements in nursing.  In 2008 she was honored for her commitment to nursing by the Brooklyn Nursing Partnership (BNP).  She is the recipient of the Presidential Award in Nursing Leadership from NACLI, the Mu Upsilon award for Excellence in Nursing Education, and the 2006 Mu Upsilon award for Excellence in Nursing Leadership.  Dolores has taught a wide variety of courses in practical nursing, diploma, and associate degree nursing programs.  Her area of clinical practice is maternity, with a focus on labor and delivery.    

Unit 1 : Basic Calculation Skills and Introduction to Medical Administration

 

 

CHAPTER 1 Review of Arithmetic for Medical Dosage Calculations

 

Diagnostic Test of Arithmetic

Changing Decimal Numbers and Whole Numbers to Fractions

Calculator

Ratios

Changing Fractions to Decimal Numbers

Rounding Decimal Numbers

            Rounding Off

Rounding Down

Adding Decimal Numbers

Subtracting Decimal Numbers

Multiplying Decimal Numbers

Dividing Decimal Numbers

Estimating Answers

Multiplying Fractions

Dividing Fractions

Complex Fractions

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

            Same Denominators

            Different Denominators

Percentages

Percent of Change

Practice Sets

 

CHAPTER 2  Safe and Accurate Drug Administration

 

The Drug Administration Process

Six Rights of Medication Administration

The Right Drug

            The Right Dose

            The Right Route

            The Right Time

            The Right Patient

            The Right Documentation

Drug Prescriptions

Medication Orders

Types of Medication Orders

Components of a Medication Order

Medication Administration Records

Technology in the Medication Administration Process

Drug Labels

            Combination Drugs

Drug Package Inserts

Controlled Substances

 Practice Sets

 

 

CHAPTER 3 Ratio and Proportion

 

Ratios

Rates

Proportions

The Mathematics Needed to Solve Proportions

            Using Parentheses to Indicate Multiplication

            Dividing by 1

            Shorthand for Multiplication

Commutative Property

            Canceling

            Solving Simple Equations

Solving Proportions

Changing Quantities with Single Units of Measurement

Changing One Rate to Another Rate

Practice Sets

 

Unit 2:  Systems of Measurement 

 

CHAPTER 4 The Metric and Household Systems

 

The Household System

            Liquid Volume in the Household System

Weight in the Household System

Length in the Household System

Decimal Based Systems

The Metric System

Liquid Volume in the Metric System

Weight in the Metric System

            Length in the Metric System

Practice Sets

 

CHAPTER 5 Converting From One System of Measurement to Another

 

Equivalents of Common Units of Measurement

Metric-Household Conversions

Practice Sets

 

Unit 3 Oral and Parenteral Medications

 

CHAPTER 6 Calculating Oral Medication Doses

 

Simple Problems

Medication in Solid Form

Medication in Liquid Form

Complex Problems

Calculating Dosage by Body Weight

Calculating Dosage by Body Surface Area

 BSA Formulas

            Nomograms

 Case Study 6.1

Practice Reading Labels

Practice Sets

 

CHAPTER 7 Syringes

 

Parts of a Syringe

Needles 

Types of Syringes

Measuring Insulin Doses 

Measuring a Single Dose of Insulin in an Insulin Syringe

 Measuring Insulin with an Insulin Pen

Insulin Pumps

Measuring Two Types of Insulin in One Syringe

Measuring Premixed Insulin 

Prefilled Syringes

 Insulin Coverage/Sliding Scale Calculations

Safety Syringes

 Needless Syringes

Case Study 7.1

Practice Sets

 

CHAPTER 8  Preparation of Solutions

 

Determining the Strength of a Solution

Strength of Solutions as Ratios, Fractions, and Percents

Liquid Solutes

Dry Solutes

Determining the Amount of Pure Solute in a Given Amount of Solution

Determining the Amount of Solution That Contains a Given Amount of Solute

Irrigating Solutions, Soaks, and Oral Feedings

Case Study 8.1

Practice Sets

 

CHAPTER 9 Parenteral Medications

 

Parenteral Medications 

Parenteral Medications Supplied as Liquids

Parenteral Medications Supplied in Powdered Form

Heparin 

Case Study 9.1

Practice Sets 

 

Unit 4:  Infusions and Pediatric Dosages

 

CHAPTER 10 Calculating Flow Rates and Durations of Enteral Solutions and Intravenous Infusions

 

Introduction to Intravenous and Enteral Solutions 

Enteral Feedings 

Intravenous Infusions 

Intravenous Solutions 

Equipment for IV Infusions 

Infusion Pumps 

Calculating the Flow Rate of Infusions 

Changing Between Milliliters per Hour and Drops per Minute

Flow Rate Conversion Number

Calculating the Duration of Flow for IV and Enteral Solutions

Fluid Balance: Intake/Output

Case Study 10.1 

Practice Sets 

 

CHAPTER 11 Calculating Flow Rates for Intravenous Medications

 

Intravenous Administration of Medications

Intravenous Piggyback Infusions 

Converting Dosage Rates to IV Flow Rates

Converting IV Flow Rates to Dosage Rates

IV Push

Compound Rates

Titrating Medications 

Case Study 11.1 

Practice Sets 

 

CHAPTER 12 Calculating Pediatric Dosages

 

Pediatric Drug Dosages 

Administration of Oral Medications

Administration of Parenteral Medications

Calculating Drug Dosages by Body Size

Administration of Intravenous Medications

Using a Volume Control Chamber

Calculating Daily Fluid Maintenance 

Case Study 12.1 

Practice Sets 

 

Comprehensive Self-Tests

 

Appendices

Appendix A                Answer Section

Appendix B                The Apothecary System of Measurement

Appendix C                Common Abbreviations Used in Medical Documentation

Appendix D                Units of Measurement in Metric and Household Systems

Appendix E                 Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Conversions

Appendix F                 Tables of Weight Conversions

 

Index