Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers

Mario Incayawar, recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship 2006, is Director of 'Runajambi' - Institute for the Study of Quichua Culture and Health. Ron Wintrob is President of the WPA Section on Transcultural Psychiatry.

Foreword by Raymond H. Prince xi

Foreword by Goffredo Bartocci xiii

Salutation by Juan E. Mezzich xv

Preface xvii

Contributors xix

1 Overview: Looking Toward the Future of Shared Knowledge and Healing Practices 1
Ronald Wintrob

1.1 Introductory Remarks 2

1.2 Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2

1.3 The US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2

1.4 Botanicals, Biological Products and their Commercial Development 3

1.5 The Medical, Medicinal and Botanical Knowledge and the Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3

1.6 Supernatural Determinism, Faith Healing and Exorcism 4

1.7 Faith Healing 5

1.8 Curanderismo and Candomble 7

1.9 Toward the Integration of Medical and Traditional Healing; Case Examples from the Americas 8

1.10 Concluding Comments 11

2 Legitimacy and Contextual Issues in Traditional Lakota Sioux Healing 13
Jeffrey A. Henderson

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Definitions 15

2.3 Research on Indigenous Healing in the Americas 15

2.4 Traditional Lakota Sioux Healing 16

2.5 Renewed Interest in Traditional Medicine 16

2.6 Rephrasing a Typical Question 17

2.7 Issues with Legitimacy 18

2.8 Reimbursement for Traditional Healing Services in the United States: What are we Getting Ourselves into? 20

Conclusion 21

References 22

3 Doctor-Patient Relationship in Psychiatry: Traditional Approaches in India Versus Western Approaches 25
Vijoy K. Varma and Nitin Gupta

3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Psychotherapy: Definitions and Common Concepts 26

3.3 Western Models of the Doctor-Patient Relationship 27

3.4 Traditional Models of the Doctor-Patient Relationship 28

3.5 Psycho-Cultural Variables Relevant to the Doctor-Patient Relationship 29

Conclusion 35

4 South American Indigenous Knowledge of Psychotropics 37
Sioui Maldonado Bouchard

4.1 Introduction 37

4.2 Definitions 38

4.3 Three Indigenous Peoples’ Medicinal Plants: Quinine, Coca and Ayahuasca 39

4.4 Legal Issues 41

Conclusion 49

Notes 49

References 50

5 Psychiatric Case Identification Skills of Yachactaita (Quichua Healers of the Andes) 53
Mario Incayawar

5.1 Introduction 53

5.2 The Quichua People 54

5.3 Research Methods 55

5.4 Comparison of Quichua and Western Diagnosis 56

5.5 The Western Clinical Diagnosis 60

5.6 Diagnostic Ability of Yachactaitas 61

5.7 Traditional Healers’ Diagnostic Abilities in Other Societies 62

5.8 Clinical, Research and Health Policy Implications 62

Conclusion 63

Acknowledgment 64

References 64

6 A Western Psychiatrist among the Shuar People of Ecuador 67
Joan Obiols-Llandrich

6.1 Introduction 67

6.2 The Shuar Culture 68

6.3 Shuar Hallucinogenic Use 69

6.4 The Survey 69

6.5 Previous Research in the Shuar Area 70

6.6 First Steps in the Shuar Territory: Collaborating as a Psychiatrist 71

6.7 Witchcraft and Disease 72

6.8 The Wishin (the Shuar Shaman) 72

6.9 The Natem Experience 74

Conclusion 76

References 76

7 The Awakening of Collaboration between Quichua Healers and Psychiatrists in the Andes 79
Lise Bouchard

7.1 Introduction 79

7.2 Pervasive Social Exclusion 80

7.3 Health Disparities and Health Care Inequities 80

7.4 The Quichua Response: Jambihuasi 81

7.5 Going Further: The Foundation of Runajambi 88

Conclusion 90

Notes 90

References 91

8 Factors Associated with Use of Traditional Healers in American Indians and Alaska Natives 93
Jeffrey A. Henderson

8.1 Introduction 94

8.2 How we Assessed Traditional Healer Use 94

8.3 Results – Scope of Traditional Healer Use 97

8.4 Discussion 100

Acknowledgments 105

References 105

9 Re-Kindling the Fire – Healing Historical Trauma in Native American Prison Inmates 107
L. Tyler Barlowe and Karuna R. Thompson

9.1 Imprisonment and My Life as a Spiritual Advisor 107

9.2 A Snaphot of Life in an American Prison 108

9.3 Holocaust of Aboriginal Native American Peoples 109

9.4 Native Americans in the Oregon State Prison System 110

9.5 Historical Trauma and Traditional Native American Methods of Healing 112

9.6 Native American Healing Programs Within the Oregon Department of Corrections 115

9.7 Dignity, Identity and Redemption 117

9.8 Personal Comments from Inmates 119

References 120

10 American Indian Healers and Psychiatrists 123
Jay H. Shore, James H. Shore and Spero M. Manson

10.1 Introduction 123

10.2 American Indian Veterans, Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers: Background 125

10.3 American Indian Veterans, Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers: Southwest Tribes 125

10.4 American Indian Veterans, Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers: Northern Plains Tribe 127

10.5 Discussion 129

Note 132

References 132

11 Mental Health in Contemporary China 135
Xudong Zhao

11.1 The Medical Care System and Mental Health Services in China 136

11.2 Difficulties Facing Mental Health Professionals 137

11.3 Help-Seeking Behaviors of Chinese Patients 138

11.4 Distinguishing Among Types of ‘Traditional Chinese Medicine’ 141

11.5 Psychotherapeutic and Communicative Aspects of TCM 142

11.6 Folk Healers in China 145

Conclusions 146

Acknowledgments 147

References 148

12 Health-Seeking Behavior for Psychiatric Disorders in North India 149
Antti Pakaslahti

12.1 Introduction 149

12.2 Orientation to the Temples and the Healing Tradition 150

12.3 The Network of Healers in Balaji 152

12.4 Background and Help-Seeking Pathways of Patients 153

12.5 On Symptoms and Diagnoses of Patients from Two Perspectives 156

12.6 Three Accounts of Help-Seeking 158

12.7 Summing up for Future Research 161

Notes 163

References 164

13 Anxiety, Acceptance and Japanese Healing 167
Fumitaka Noda

13.1 Introduction 167

13.2 Japanese Psychology 168

13.3 Japanese Anxiety 169

13.4 The Religious Climate of Japan 170

13.5 Local Treatment (Morita Therapy) 172

13.6 Coexistence with Traditional Healers 173

13.7 Healing and Salvation 176

Acknowledgment 177

Note 177

References 177

14 Dissatisfied Seekers: Efficacy in Traditional Healing of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Bali 179
Robert B. Lemelson

14.1 Introduction 179

14.2 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Tourette’s Syndrome 180

14.3 Traditional Healing of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Meaning and the Issue of Efficacy 181

14.4 Introduction to Balinese Traditional Healing Systems 183

14.5 Broad Philosophical Organizing Features of Balinese Healing 184

14.6 Does the Meaning Making of Traditional Healing Play a Role in Reducing Symptoms and Suffering in Neuropsychiatric Disorders? 190

Conclusion 193

Notes 193

References 194

15 Islamic Religious and Traditional Healers’ Contributions to Mental Health and Well-being 197
M. Fakhr El-Islam

15.1 Introduction 197

15.2 Mental Health and Moslem Identity 198

15.3 The Islamic Religion in Everyday Mental Life 199

15.4 Islamic Self-Help Therapy by Prayer 199

15.5 Islamic Religion as a Background Yardstick in Mental Health 200

15.6 The Relationship Between Psychiatrists and Religious Healers 201

15.7 Traditional Healing Practices in the Islamic World 202

Conclusion 204

References 205

16 Bringing Together Indigenous and Western Medicine in South Africa: A University Initiative 207
Dan L Mkize

16.1 Introduction 208

16.2 The Inception of Western Medical Systems 208

16.3 Prospects for a New African Health Care System 210

16.4 The African Health Care System 211

16.5 Objectives of the African Health Care System (AHCS) 211

16.6 Resources 212

16.7 Stakeholders 212

16.8 Networks 212

16.9 Work Plan 212

16.10 Challenges 213

Conclusion 213

References 213

Appendix 213

17 Globalization and Mental Health Traditional Medicine in Pathways to Care in the United Kingdom 215
Ajoy Thachil and Dinesh Bhugra

17.1 Introduction 215

17.2 Migration, Mental Health and Traditional Medicine 216

17.3 Traditional Medicine and Pathways to Mental Health Care 217

17.4 Complementary and Alternative Medicine – Relevance and Collaboration 223

Conclusion 225

References 226

18 Psychotherapy or Religious Healing? 229
Micol Ascoli

18.1 Introduction 229

18.2 The Charismatic Theoretical Approach to Illness 230

18.3 Therapeutic Factors in Catholic Charismatic Religious Healing 232

18.4 Discussion 233

Notes 235

References 236

Bibliography 236

19 Maori Knowledge and Medical Science 237
Mason Durie

19.1 Introduction 237

19.2 Traditional Healing in Contemporary New Zealand 238

19.3 The Structure of Maori Healing Process 240

19.4 Indigenous Knowledge and Science 241

19.5 Indigenous Healing and Biomedicine 242

19.6 Indigenous Healing Contributions to Global Mental Health 243

19.7 Exploring the Interface 245

19.8 Impacts 247

References 248

20 Future Partnerships in Global Mental Health – Foreseeing the Encounter of Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers 251
Mario Incayawar

20.1 The Global Burden of Mental Illness 251

20.2 Needless Suffering 253

20.3 Medical Workforce Shortage and Allocation of Funds 253

20.4 Unveiling Traditional Healers’ Contributions 254

20.5 Foreseeing Future Partnerships 257

Acknowledgment 258

References 258

Index 261