Anatomy and Physiology for the Manual Therapies

Dr. Andrew Kuntzman, is an associate professor of anatomy at Sinclair Community College in Dayton, Ohio.  He received the Ernest Boyer Award for Innovative Excellence in Teaching, Learning,and Technology at the Ninth International Conference on College Teaching and Learning.

1.ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 1

1.1 Anatomy and Physiolo Defined 2

1.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 2

1.3 Life Processes 6

1.4 Homeostasis: Maintain Limits 8

1.5 Aging and Homeostasis 12

1.6 Anatomical Terms 12

1.7 Body Cavities 17

1.8 Medical Imaging 20

2 INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 28

2.1 Introduction to Chemistry 29

2.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 35

3 CELLS 47

3.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 48

3.2 Plasma Membrane 49

3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 50

3.4 Cytoplasm 57

3.5 Nucleus 63

3.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 64

3.7 Somatic Cell Division 68

3.8 Cancer 70

3.9 Aging and Cells 72

4 TISSUES 77

4.1 Types of Tissues 78

4.2 Cell Junctions 78

4.3 Epithelial Tissue 79

4.4 Connective Tissue 89

4.5 Membranes 101

4.6 Musular Tissue 102

4.7 Nervous Tissue 104

4.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 105

4.9 Aging and Tissues 106

5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 111

5.1 Structure of the Skin 112

5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 118

5.3 Types of Skin 123

5.4 Functions of the Skin 124

5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 125

5.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 127

5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 130

6.BONE TISSUE 135

6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 136

6.2 Structure of Bone 136

6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 138

6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 141

6.5 Bone Formation 142

6.6 Bone Growth 145

6.7 Bones and Homeostasis 147

6.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 152

7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE AXIAL SKELETON 159

7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 160

7.2 Types of Bones 160

7.3 Bone Surface Markings 162

7.4 Skull 162

7.5 Hyoid Bone 177

7.6 Vertebral Column 177

7.7 Thorax 186

7.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 189

8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 195

8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 196

8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 199

8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 205

8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 209

8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 210

8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 211

9 JOINTS 221

9.1 Joint Classifications 222

9.2 Fibrous Joints 222

9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 224

9.4 Synovial Joints 225

9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 230

9.6 Selected Joints of the Body 236

9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 251

9.8 Arthroplasty 252

9.9 Aging and Joints 253

10 MUSCULAR TISSUE 257

10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 258

10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 259

10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 263

10.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 268

10.5 Control of Muscle Tension 270

10.6 Muscle Spasms 273

10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 277

10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 277

10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 278

10.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 279

11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 284

11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 285

11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 289

11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 289

12 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 316

13 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB 336

14 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 316

14.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 370

14.2 Muscle Interactions 398

15 NERVOUS TISSUE 403

15.1 Overview of the Nervous System 404

15.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 407

15.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 413

15.4 Synaptic Transmission 418

15.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 421

16 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 426

16.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 427

16.2 Spinal Nerves 430

16.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 444

16.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 458

17 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 463

17.1 The Brain 464

17.2 Cranial Nerves 477

17.3 Aging and the Nervous System 479

18 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 483

18.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 484

18.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 484

18.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 486

18.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 491

18.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 492

19 SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES 498

19.1 Overview of Sensations 499

19.2 Somatic Senses 500

19.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 504

19.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 506

19.5 Vision 507

19.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 515

19.7 Aging and the Special Senses 521

20 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 527

20.1 Endocrine Glands 528

20.2 Hormone Action 528

20.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 530

20.4 Thyroid Gland 535

20.5 Parathyroid Glands 538

20.6 Pancreatic Islets 539

20.7 Adrenal Glands 542

20.8 Ovaries and Testes 545

20.9 Pineal Gland 545

20.10 Other Hormones 546

20.11 The Stress Response 547

20.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 547

21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 553

21.1 Functions of Blood 554

21.2 Components of Whole Blood 554

21.3 Hemostasis 563

21.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 566

22 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 571

22.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 572

22.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 579

22.3 Conduction System of the Heart 581

22.4 Electrocardiogram 583

22.5 The Cardiac Cycle 584

22.6 Cardiac Output 586

22.7 Exercise and the Heart 590

23 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION 594

23.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 595

23.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 599

23.3 Checking Circulation 603

23.4 Circulatory Routes 603

23.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 620

24 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 627

24.1 Overview of Immunity 628

24.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 628

24.3 Innate Immunity 634

24.4 Adaptive Immunity 636

24.5 Aging and the Immune System 645

25 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 651

25.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 652

25.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 653

25.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 664

25.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 667

25.6 Control of Respiration 667

25.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 671

25.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 671

26 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 677

26.1 Overview of the Digestive System 678

26.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 679

26.3 Mouth 681

26.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 683

26.5 Stomach 685

26.6 Pancreas 688

26.7 Liver and Gallbladder 688

26.8 Small Intestine 692

26.9 Large Intestine 697

26.10 Phases of Digestion 700

26.11 Aging and the Digestive System 701

27 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 707

27.1 Nutrients 708

27.2 Metabolism 711

27.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 719

28 THE URINARY SYSTEM 726

28.1 Overview of the Urinary System 727

28.2 Structure of the Kidneys 728

28.3 Functions of the Nephron 732

28.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 737

28.5 Aging and the Urinary System 739

29.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 759

29.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 763

29 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 744

29.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 745

29.2 Male Reproductive

29.3 Female Reproductive System 752

APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS A1

B: PERIODIC TABLE B3

C: ANSWERS C4

GLOSSARY G1

CREDITS CR1

INDEX I1