Articulation and Phonological Disorders

Preface    xi

Introduction    xiii

      1    Normal Aspects of Articulation



Introduction    1

Structure of Language    1

Fundamentals of Articulatory Phonetics    6

Coarticulation: Interactions among Sounds in Context    35

Aerodynamic Considerations in Speech Production    41

Acoustic Considerations of Speech    44

Sensory Information in Speech Production    46

Generative Phonology    47

Optimality Theory    54

Which Phonological Theory to Select?    54

Summary of Levels of Organization of Speech    55

Concluding Note on Implications for Speech Acquisition    57

Questions for Chapter 1    59

      2    Early Phonological Development    63

Models of Phonological Development: The Child as an Active Learner    63

Infant Perception: Breaking into the Code    72

Infant Production: Interaction of Maturation and Experience    78

The Transition Period: From Babble to Speech    84

Individual Differences: Profile of Two 1-Year-Old Girls    90

Systematization and Reorganization: From Word to Segment    92

Linguistic Perception beyond the Transition Period: Representing   Speech Sounds    93

Questions for Chapter 2    98

      3    Later Phonological Development    105

Establishing Group Norms: Large-Scale Studies    106

Phonological Processes: Systematicity in Production Errors    110

Profiling the Preschool Child: Individual Differences Revisited    118

Development of Perception beyond Early Childhood: Understanding   Running Speech    124

Production in the School-Age Child: Continuing Change    128

Questions for Chapter 3    135

      4    Etiology/Factors Related to Phonologic Disorders    139

Introduction    139

Structure and Function of the Speech and Hearing Mechanisms    141

Motor Abilities    164

Oral Myofunctional Disorders/Tongue Thrust    166

Neuromotor Disorders    171

Cognitive-Linguistic Factors    176

Psychosocial Factors    185

Conclusion    192

Questions for Chapter 4    192

      5        Phonological Assessment Procedures    201

Phonological Sampling    201

Screening for Phonological Disorders    202

Comprehensive Phonological Assessment: Assessment Battery    205

Related Assessment Procedures    224

Determining the Need for Intervention    232

Target Behavior Selection    249

Other Factors to Consider in Case Selection–Intervention Decisions    255

Case Study    258

Assessment: Interpretation    261

Questions for Chapter 5    263

      6    Remediation Procedures    268

Basic Considerations    268

Making Progress in Therapy: Generalization    275

Questions for Chapter 6    289

      7    Treatment Approaches    292

Introduction    292

Treatment Continuum    293

Motor Learning Principles    294

Teaching Sounds: Establishment of Target Behaviors    295

Beyond Teaching Sounds: Treatment Approaches with a   Motor Emphasis    304

Linguistic-Based Approaches to Intervention    315

Oral-Motor Activities as Part of Articulation Instruction    333

Intervention for Children with Developmental Verbal   Dyspraxia (DVD)    335

Case Study    340

Intervention Recommendations    340

Questions for Chapter 7    344

      8        Language and Dialectal Variations    348

Introduction    348

Dialect    348

Characteristics of American English Dialects    351

Spanish    358

Asian Languages    360

Phonological Development in Bilingual Children    362

Assessment Considerations for Children from Culturally and  Linguistically Diverse Populations    364

Summary    370

Questions for Chapter 8    371

      9        Phonological Awareness: Description, Assessment, and Intervention    376

Introduction    376

What Is Phonological Awareness?    376

Phonological Awareness as Literacy Development    378

The Development of Phonological Awareness    379

Phonological Awareness and Reading    384

Phonological Awareness and Disorders of Speech Production    386

Assessment    388

Intervention    395

Questions for Chapter 9    402

Appendix    407

Author Index    413

Subject Index    425