Advances in Nutritional Research

1. Food Allergy.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General Introduction.- 1.2. Classification of Adverse Reactions to Foods.- 1.3. Classification and Time Course of Allergic Reactions.- 2. The Atopic Syndrome.- 2.1. Atopy.- 2.2. IgE (Reaginic) Antibodies.- 3. The Diagnosis of Food Allergy.- 3.1. Provocative Feeding Tests.- 3.2. Skin Tests.- 3.3. Measurement of Specific Antibodies.- 3.3.1. IgE Antibodies.- 3.3.2. Non-IgE Antibodies.- 3.4. Controversial Techniques.- 3.5. Summary of Diagnostic Procedures.- 4. Clinical Food Allergic Syndromes.- 4.1. Classical Reaginic Syndromes.- 4.1.1. Presenting Complaints.- 4.1.2. Frequency.- 4.1.3. Symptom Patterns.- 4.1.4. Time Course of Symptoms.- 4.1.5. Commonly Incriminated Foods.- 4.2. Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis).- 4.2.1. Food Hypersensitivity in Eczema.- 4.2.2. Mechanism.- 4.2.3. Influence of Breast-Feeding.- 4.3. Food-Induced Gastroenteropathies.- 4.3.1. Coeliac Disease.- 4.3.2. Milk-Sensitive Enteropathy.- 4.3.3. Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis.- 4.4. Other Putative Food-Allergic Disorders.- 4.4.1. Heiner and Sudden Infant Death Syndromes.- 4.4.2. Arthritis.- 4.4.3. Migraine.- 4.4.4. Neurologic and Psychiatric Syndromes.- 5. Anaphylactoid Reactions.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Salicylates, Benzoates, and Azo Dyes.- 5.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Metabisulfites.- 5.4. Histamine and Non-Specific Histamine Release.- 5.5. Alcohol.- References.- 2. The Dietary Management of Diabetes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. How Much Carbohydrate?.- 2.1. Historical.- 2.2. Effects of Fiber and Carbohydrate on Indices of Diabetic Control.- 2.2.1. Experiments Predominantly with Fiber.- 2.2.2. Test Meal Studies.- 2.2.3. Longer Term Studies.- 2.2.4. Experiments Predominantly with Carbohydrate.- 2.2.5. Variations in Quantity.- 2.2.6. Variations in Source.- 2.2.7. Mixed Diet Studies.- 2.3. Mechanisms of Action of Carbohydrate and Fiber.- 3. Cholesterol.- 3.1. Effect of Purified Fiber on Cholesterol Levels.- 3.2. Effect of Carbohydrate and Fiber on Cholesterol Levels.- 3.3. Dietary Effects on HDL Cholesterol.- 4. High Carbohydrate Diet and Triglycerides.- 5. Diabetic Diets — The Patient’s Point of View.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 3. Cognitive Effects of Nutritional Deficiency.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Childhood Malnutrition.- 3. Malnutrition in Adulthood.- 4. Vitamin Deficiencies Strongly Associated with Cognitive Impairment.- 4.1. Vitamin B12 and Pernicious Anemia.- 4.2. Niacin, Pellagra, and the Role of Tryptophan.- 4.3. Thiamine.- 5. Vitamin Deficiencies Possibly Associated with Cognitive Impairment.- 5.1. Folate.- 5.2. Vitamin C.- 5.3. Multiple Vitamin Deficiency.- 6. “Pharmaco-Nutrition”.- 7. Summary.- 8. Acknowledgement.- References.- 4. Nutritional Assessment of Observed Nutrient Intake: An Interpretation of Recent Requirement Reports.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Human Nutrient Requirements: Understanding and Interpretation.- 2.1. The Meaning of Requirement.- 2.2. Variation of Requirements.- 3. Probability Approach to Interpretation of Nutrient Intake.- 4. Interpretation of Energy Intake.- 5. Estimation of Usual Intake.- 5.1. Time Frame of Requirement Estimates.- 5.2. Day-to-Day Variation in Intake: Implications for Design and Interpretation.- 6. Evaluation of Diet Quality: Nutrient Density or Nutrient-Energy Ratios.- 7. Examination of Population Data: Estimation of Prevalence of Inadequacy or Population Risk.- 7.1. Application of Probability Statistics to a Population.- 7.2. Intraindividual Variability in Population Data.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 5. The Role of Ethanol in the Etiology of Primary Liver Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Carcinogenesis Modeling.- 3. Carcinogenicity Initiation.- 4. Drug Metabolism.- 5. Cirrhosis.- 6. DNA Metabolism.- 7. Nutritional Status.- 8. Membrane Stability and Integrity.- 9. Other Mechanisms.- 10. Animal Experimentation.- 11. Conclusion.- 12. Acknowledgement.- References.- 6. Animal Models for the Study of Nutrition and Human Disease: Colon Cancer, Atherosclerosis, and Osteoporosis.- I. Colon Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Induction of Colonic Neoplasms in Animal Models.- 3. Neoplastic Lesions in Man and Animal Models.- 3.1. Aberrant Cell Proliferation as a Predisposing Factor in Colon Carcinogenesis.- 3.2. Pathological Features and Genesis of Carcinoma.- 4. Diet Modulation of Colon Tumorigenesis in Animal Models.- 5. Summary.- 6. Future Perspectives.- II. Atherosclerosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Selection of the Animal Model.- 3. Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism.- 3.1. Cholesterol Synthesis.- 3.2. Catabolism and Excretion of Cholesterol.- 3.2.1. Species-Specific Bile Acid Patterns.- 3.2.2. Influence of Diet on Cholesterol Catabolism.- 4. Plasma Lipoprotein Patterns.- 5. Conclusion.- III. Osteoporosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathophysiology of Human Osteoporosis.- 3. Nonhuman Primates.- 4. Dogs.- 5. Cats.- 6. Rodents.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 7. Direct and Indirect Thermogenic Effects of Anorectic Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Direct Thermogenic Action of Anorectic Drugs.- 3. Indirect Thermogenic Action of Anorectic Drugs.- 4. Substrate Cycling as a Possible Mechanism of “Indirect” Thermogenesis.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 8. Role of Fermented Milk Products in Milk Intolerance and Other Clinical Conditions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Milk Intolerance.- 2.1. Prevalence of Lactose Intolerance.- 2.2. Lactose Intolerance and Nutrient Absorption.- 2.3. Role of Fermented Milk Products.- 2.3.1. Lactose Content of Fermented Milk Products.- 2.3.2. Studies on Lactose Digestibility.- 2.4. Other Forms of Milk Intolerance.- 3. Other Diseases.- 3.1. Gastrointestinal Disturbances.- 3.2. Hypercholesterolemia.- 3.3. Other Infectious Diseases.- 3.4. Cancer.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. Addendum.- 6. Acknowledgement.- References.- 9. Metabolic Interactions of Selenium with Cadmium, Mercury, and Silver.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interaction of Selenium with Cadmium.- 3. Interaction of Selenium with Mercury.- 4. Interaction of Selenium with Silver.- 5. Influence of Metals on Selenium Metabolism.- 6. Some Possible Mechanisms of Interaction.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. Acknowledgement.- References.- 10. Total Parenteral Nutrition in the Newborn: An Update.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Short Bowel Syndrome.- 3. Intractable Diarrhea.- 4. Respiratory Distress Syndrome.- 5. Current Use of TPN.- 6. Establishing Nutrient Intake Requirements.- 7. Determination of Requirements for Specific Nutrients.- 7.1. Zinc and Copper.- 7.2. Lipids and Carnitine.- 7.3. Biotin.- 7.4. Loss of Fat Soluble Vitamins.- 7.5. Iron.- 8. Drug Compatibility and Parenteral Nutrients.- 9. Conclusion.- References.