Cancer and the Search for Selective Biochemical Inhibitors

Part I: The Biochemistry of Cancer and Its Treatment
Introductory Remarks
A Detailing of Enzyme-Catalyzed Biochemical Reactions Involved in Cell Metabolism
Glycolysis, Lactic Acid or Lactate, Glutaminolysis, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells
Enzyme Inhibitors for Glycolysis, Lactate Formation, and Glutaminolysis in Tumor Cells
Glycolysis, Lactate or Lactic Acid Formation, Glutaminolysis
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: Enzyme Inhibitors to be Avoided
Cofactors, Coenzymes, Vitamins, and Hormones
Chemotherapy Drugs
Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides; Enzyme Inhibitors in Chemotherapy; Sulfa Drugs; Antifolate Drugs; Irreversible Antimetabolites; Other Metabolites; Listings of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy Drugs
The DNA/RNA Connection
Thymidylate Synthase Inhibition; Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibition; Other Inhibitors
Gene Therapy and E coli
Folic Acid
Comparison with Conventional Chemotherapy; Clinical Trials
Enzyme Changes
DNA, RNA, and the Synthesis of Proteins
DNA and Its Functions; RNA and Its Functions; Transcription, Translation; Proteins; Changes
The Genetic Code
Genetic Cancer Therapy
Digestion
Dietary Protein; Carbohydrates; Fats
Proteases and Protease Inhibitors
Protein Degradation
Antibiotics
DNA Replication
DNA Alteration
Repair, Carcinogen Identification; DNA Recombination; DNA Methylation
Viruses and Subviruses
Antiviral Agents
Chemoprevention
Comments
References for Part I
Part II: Plant Biochemistry and Cancer
Introduction
Cancer and Anticancer Agents
Antibacterial and Antiviral Agents
Antifungal and Miscellaneous Agents
Plant Enzymes
Bioactive/Toxic Plant Substances
Glycosides
Phenolics
Flavonoids
Proteins and Amino Acids
Alkaloids
The Functions of Alkaloids, Toxicity and Cancer
Some Conclusions
References for Part II
Part III: Chemical Taxonomy
Review of Medicinal Plant Literature Sources
Some Anticancer Plants Noted in the United States
Investigations in Other Countries
Neo-Tropical Africa, Australia, India and Pakistan, East and Southeast Asia, China
Plant Chemistry and Taxonomy
Toxic/Medicinal Substances and Cancer
The Genus Catharanthus
A Chinese Protocol
Other Information about Chinese Anticancer Agents
Common Possibilities for Anticancer Agents
References for Part III
Part IV: Alkaloids as Medicines
Introduction
Classification of Alkaloids
Alkaloids as Anticancer Agents
Alkaloids as Antibacterial Agents
Alkaloids as Antiviral Agents
Alkaloids as Antifungal Agents
Other Medicinal Uses for Alkaloids
Toxicity versus Medical Benefits
Screening Plants for Alkaloids
Common Garden Vegetables and Alkaloids
Plants and Plant Families Containing Potential Anticancer Agents, Notably Alkaloids
Tobacco, Hemlock, Lupines, Potato, Locoweeds, Red Clover, Fescue, Ergot Alkaloids, Larkspur or Delphinium, Selenium Indicators, Jimsonweed
A Review of Bioactive Plants and Plant Families
References for Part IV
Part V: Medicinal Uses of Fungi
The Mycota or Fungi
Mycetismus
Mycotoxosis
Medicinal Fungi and Cancer
Antibiotics
Antifungal vis-à- vis Anticancer Agents
References for Part V
Part VI: Biogenesis of Cancer
Introductory Remarks
Cancer Initiation, Enzymes, and Enzyme Inhibitors
Melanoma, Other Developments
Stress Proteins or Heat Shock Proteins and Molecular Chaperones
Metastasis and Glycoproteins
Intestinal Flora and Cancer
Bacterial Metabolism of Carcinogens; Mutagens and Bowel Cancer; Other Considerations
Digestive Metabolism
Bacterial Metabolism of Protein and Endogenous Nitrogen Compounds; Metabolism of Fats, Bile Acids, and Steroids; Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Metabolism of Nitroso Compounds; Nitrate, Nitrite, and N-Nitroso Compounds; Metabolism of Toxic Metals; Dietary Fiber and Colon Microflora
Lignans and Phyto-Estrogens
Intense Sweeteners
Hydrolysis and Other Interactions between Intenstinal Flora and Ingested Chemical Types
Glycosides; Quinones; Flavonoids; Glycoside Sweeteners; Role in Drug Administration; Miscellaneous Glycosides; Esters
All-Meat and All-Vegetarian Diets
References for Part VI
Part VII: Viruses and Cancer
More about Viruses and Other Pathogens
Retroviruses and Oncogenes
Viruses and Degenerative Diseases
Rhabdoviruses, e.g., Rabies Virus; Reoviruses
Plant and Insect Viruses
Fungal Viruses
"Myco-" Microorganisms and Pleomorphism; Mychorrhiza; Plasmids; Killer Systems
Bacterial and Protozoan Viruses
Viruses in Animal Products
Viruses in Meat and Poultry; Viruses in Milk; Viruses in Seafoods; Effect of Temperature; Drying; Effect of High Temperatures; Effect of Irradiation; Effect of Chemicals and Depuration
The Tropical Connection
Some Information Sources about Bioactive Plants in Neotropica; Diseases of the Tropics
Immunity
Vaccines; The Immune System; Immunization against Cancer
References for Part VII
Part VIII: Anticancer Agents as Enzyme Inhibitors and Other Issues
Bioactive Plants as Enzyme Inhibitors
A Review of Anaerobic Glycolysis
Enzymes and Inhibitors for Anaerobic Glycolysis
Cancer Initiation, Enzymes, and Enzyme Inhibitors
Phytochemicals Which May Act Against Cancer
Laetrile Again?; Other Bioactive Substances and Miscellaneous Agents
Testing Procedures
Anticancer Agents and Angiogenesis
Plant or Herbal Remedies Challenged
An Update on Plant or Other Substances as Enzyme Inhibitors
Garlic and Allicin; Miscellaneous; Vitamins and Hormones as Enzyme Inhibitors
Lactate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors
Forms of Lactate Dehydrogenase; Aerobic versus Anaerobic Metabolism in the Body; Gluconeogenesis; Inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase
Update on Glutaminolysis
DHEA
Objectives, Mileposts, and Roadblocks
References for Part VIII
Appendices
Appendix A: Enzymes and Inhibitors for Glycolysis, Lactate Formation, and Glutaminolysis
Appendix B: Enzymes and Inhibitors for the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and as Affecting Respiration
Appendix C: Enzymes and Inhibitors Pertaining to Chemotherapy
Appendix D: Enzymes and Inhibitors for Enzymatic Changes
Appendix E: DNA Enzymes and Inhibitors
Appendix F: RNA Enzymes and Inhibitors
Appendix G: Protease Enzymes and Inhibitors
Appendix H: A Worldwide Selection of Anticancer Plants
Appendix I: Antibacterial Plant Agents
Appendix J: Anviral Plant Agents
Appendix K: Antifungal Plant Agents
Appendix L: Miscellaneous Plant Agents
Appendix M: Some Bioactive Plants Found in the United States
Appendix N: Anticancer Plants of the Neo Tropics
Appendix O: Anticancer Plants of Africa
Appendix P: Bioactive/Poisonous Plants Found in Australia
Appendix Q: Anticancer Plants of India and Pakistan
Appendix R: Anticancer Plants of East and Southeast Asia
Appendix S: Anticancer Plants from China
Appendix T: Chemical Taxa of Medicinal Plants
Appendix U: Plant Families Listed in Hartwell and Cordell
Appendix V: Bioactive/Toxic Plants Found in the United States
Appendix W: Phytochemicals
Appendis X: Agents That Affect Angiogenesis
Appendix Y: Update on Enzymes and Inhibitors Involved in Anaerobic Glycolysis
Appendix Z: Vitamins and Hormones as Enzyme Inhibitors