Surgical Approaches to the Spine

1. Anterior Cervical Approaches to the Spine; 2a. Transoral Approach to C1-2; 2b. Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach to the Cervical Spine; 3. Ventral Approach to the Clivus, C1, & C2; 4. Anterior Medial Approach to C1,2,3; 5. Anterior Lateral Approach to the Upper Cervical Spine; 6. Anterior Medial Approach to the Midcervical Spine; 7. Lateral Approach to the Cervical Spine; 8. Lateral Approach to the Cervical Spine; 9. Supraclavicular approach; 10. Lincoln Highway Approach to the Cervical Spine; 11. Cervical-Thoracic Junction; 12. Anterior Approach to the Cervical-Thoracic Spine; 13. Trans-Sternal Approach to the Cervical-Thoracic Junction; 14. Transaxillary Approach to the Upper Dorsal Spine; 15. Third Rib Resection in the Transthoracic Appraoch; 16. Thoracotomy Approach; 17. Thoracolumbar Junction; 18. Tenth Rib: Thoracoabdominal Approach; 19a. Eleventh Rib Approach; 19b. Trans-Eleventh Rib Extrapleural Approach; 20. Twelfth Rib Appraoch; 21. Anterior Retroperitoneal Flank Apprach to L2- L5 of the Lumbar Spine; 22. Anterior Retroperitoneal Muscle-Sparing Approach to L2-S1 of the Lumbar Spine; 23. Anterior Retroperitoneal Flank Approach to L5-S1; 24. Anterior Extraperitoneal Midline Incision of L2-S1; 25. Transperitoneal Midline Approach to L4-S1; 26. Superior Hypogastric Sympathetic Plexus; 27. En Bloc Sacretomy; 28. Approach to the Posterior aspect of C1-2; 29. Posterior approach to the C1-C2 Joints; 30. Cervical Foraminotomy: Indications and Technique; 31. Microcervical Foraminotomy: an alternative posterior technique for intractable radicular pain; 32. Costotransversectomy; 33. Posterior & Posterolateral Approaches to the Thoracic Disc; 34. Posterior Approach to the Lower Lumbar Spine; 35. Lumbar Laminotomy, Foraminotoy, Root Decompression & Discectomy in the Lateral Position; 36. Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy; 37. Total En Bloc Spondylectomy: a new surgical technique for malignant vertebral tumors; 38a. Bilateral Paraspinous Lumbosacral Approach; 38b. Lateral Approach to the Disc; 39. Laparoscopic Approach to the L3-L4 and L4-L5 Intervertebral Discs; 40. Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach to L5-S1; 41. Balloon-Assisted Endoscopic Retroperitoneal Gasless (B.E.R.G.) Appraoch to the Lumbar Spine; 42. Video Endoscopic Approach to the Thoracic Spine; 43. Microendoscopic Discectomy (MED) for Lumbar Disc Herniations: Paramedian and Far Lateral Approaches