ICRP Publication 100

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The purpose of this report 1.2. Model used in ICRP Publication 30 1.3. The need for a new model 1.4. Model development 1.5. Structure of the report 2. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT SYSTEM 2.1. Introduction 2.2. General features 2.3. Alimentation 2.4. Vascular supply and drainage 2.5. Micro-anatomy of the alimentary tract 2.6. Epithelia of the alimentary tract 3. ABSORPTION, RETENTION, AND SECRETION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE HUMAN ALIMENTARY TRACT 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Radionuclide absorption 3.3. Radionuclide retention 3.4. Radionuclide secretion 3.5. Examples used in this report 4. RADIATION EFFECTS 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Target cells 4.3. Radiation-induced cancers in humans 4.4. Tissue damage 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL 5.1. Overview 5.2. Main differences from the ICRP Publication 30 model 5.3. Details of the model structure 5.4. Radionuclide-specific examples of the use of the model 6. TRANSIT TIMES THROUGH THE ALIMENTARY TRACT 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Mouth 6.3. Oesophagus 6.4. Stomach 6.5. Small intestine 6.6. Colon and rectum 6.7. Transfer coefficients 6.8. Uncertainty and variability 7. MORPHOMETRY AND DOSIMETRY 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Morphometry 7.3. Dosimetry 8. USE OF THE MODEL 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Examples of doses using the HATM 8.3. Uncertainties 8.4. Key features of the HATM ANNEX A: EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN ALIMENTARY TRACT A.1. Introduction A.2. Embryology of the human alimentary tract A.3. General overview of the postnatal alimentary tract A.4. Oral cavity, pharynx, and associated structures A.5. Oesophagus A.6. Stomach A.7. Liver, biliary tree, and pancreas A.8. Small intestine A.9. Large intestine A.10. Rectum and anal canal ANNEX B: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN ALIMENTARY TRACT B.1. Introduction B.2. Physiology of alimentary tract motility B.3. Physiology of blood and lymph circulation in the alimentary tract B.4. Inputs and secretions in the alimentary tract B.5. Bacterial flora in the alimentary tract B.6. Digestion, absorption, and retention in the gastrointestinal tract ANNEX C: REVIEW OF TRANSIT TIMES THROUGH MAJOR SEGMENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT C.1. Mouth C.2. Oesophagus C.3. Stomach C.4. Small intestine C.5. Large intestine ANNEX D: ABSORPTION AND RETENTION OF RADIONUCLIDES D.1. Introduction D.2. Oral cavity D.3. Oesophagus D.4. Stomach D.5. Small intestine D.6. Large intestine D.7. Appendix ANNEX E: CONSISTENCY BETWEEN THE HATM AND THE HRTM ANNEX F: ABSORBED FRACTIONS FOR ELECTRON EMISSIONS REFERENCES ERRATA TO ICRP PUBLICATION 95