Smart Hospitals

Arun Kumar, PhD is an associate professor in Electronics and Communication Engineering at the New Horizon College of Engineering in Bengaluru, India. He has over nine years of teaching experience and has published more than 80 research articles in SCI-E and Scopus Index journals. Additionally, he has successfully implemented different reduction techniques for multi-carrier waveforms such as non-orthogonal multiple-access, filterbank multicarrier, and universal filtered multicarrier waveforms and has also implemented and compared different waveform techniques for the 5G system. Currently, he is working on the requirements of a 5G-based smart hospital system. Manoj Gupta, PhD is a professor in the School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Andhra Pradesh, Amravati, India. He has over 18 years of experience and has published more than 50 research papers in international journals and national and international conferences and book chapters, as well as two patent grants, five published patents, and two Indian Research Copyrights. Additionally, he is a member of numerous professional societies, serves as an editor for several reputed journals, and has been a keynote speaker at various international conferences. Sanjeev Sharma, PhD is a professor and the Dean of the Quality Assurance and Skill Development Center at the New Horizon College of Engineering. He has over seven years of industrial, 10 years of research, and 15 years of academic experience and has published more than 52 technical papers in reputed journals and conference proceedings with four international book chapters and authored books and five provisionally published patents out of 11 filed patents. Er. Himanshu Sharma, PhD is an assistant professor at the Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre with over ten years of experience. He has published 13 SCI/Scopus Indexed international journals, as well as a patent at the national level and application for another patent with the German Patent Office. His areas of interest in research include wireless communication, spectrum sensing, detection techniques and networking. Khursheed Aurangzeb, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Engineering at the College of Computer and Information Sciences at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He has more than fifteen years of experience as an instructor and researcher in data analytics, machine and deep learning, signal processing, electronics circuits and systems, and embedded systems. He has authored and co-authored more than 70 publications and been involved in many research projects as a principal investigator and a co-principal investigator.

1 Smart Hospitals: Integrating Connectivity and Intelligence 1
Yashwanth S., Varshini Kulkarni, Chethana H. T. and Chaitra N. C.

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Implementation of Smart Hospitals 4

1.3 Literature Review 14

1.4 Conclusion 19

References 20

2 Evolution of 5G and 6G Cellular Systems 23
Kama Ramudu, Bodla Rushikesh, Pingili Shiva Chandana, B. Jagadish Kumar and Venkat Tulasi Krishna Gannavaram

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Objectives of the Study 26

2.3 Scope and Significance 27

2.4 Basics of Cellular Technology 27

2.5 5G Technology 28

2.6 Towards 6G 30

2.7 Technologies Enabling 6G 31

2.8 Challenges in 6G Developments 33

2.9 Future Prospects and Industry Impacts 34

2.10 Comparative Analysis: 5G Versus 6G 36

2.11 Main Contribution of 5G and 6G Evolution 37

2.12 Limitations of 5G and 6G Cellular System 39

2.13 Conclusion 40

References 41

3 A Review on Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Technologies in the Field of Healthcare 45
Deekshitha S. Nayak and R. Shivarudraswamy

Abbreviation 45

3.1 Introduction 46

3.2 Augmented Reality in Healthcare 49

3.3 Virtual Reality in Healthcare 52

3.4 Advantages of AR and VR in the Healthcare 54

3.5 Challenges and Future Scope 57

3.6 Conclusion 58

References 58

4 Compressed Sensing Reconstruction Algorithms for Medical Images – A Comparison 61
Kavitha K. J., Vishwaraj B. Manur, Suprith P. G., Mahendra S. Naik and Chaitra S. N.

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 Concept of Compressed Sensing Theory 72

4.3 Comprehensive Sensing Reconstruction Algorithms 75

4.4 Results and Discussion 86

4.5 Contribution of the Work 88

4.6 Limitations 88

4.7 Conclusion 88

References 89

5 Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) 91
Gobinath A., Rajeswari P., Suresh Kumar N. and Anandan M.

5.1 Introduction: Internet of Medical Things 92

5.2 Wearable Devices and Sensors for IoMT 96

5.3 Challenges Faced in Customizing Wearable Devices 99

5.4 Real-World Examples of IoMT Implementation 101

5.5 Conclusions 103

References 104

6 The Impact of 5G and 6G on Healthcare 107
Rajeswari P., Gobinath A., Suresh Kumar N. and Anandan M.

6.1 Introduction: The Evolution of Wireless Connectivity: A Journey from 4G to 6G 108

6.2 Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring 110

6.3 IoT in Healthcare and Advanced Medical Imaging 110

6.4 Anticipated Impact of 6G in Healthcare 111

6.5 Current State of Healthcare Connectivity 112

6.6 Limitations and Hurdles in Current Healthcare Communication Systems 114

6.7 Impact of 5G on Healthcare 116

6.8 The 6G Horizon: Unveiling the Potential Frontiers of Advanced Connectivity 117

6.9 Terahertz-Frequency Communication 117

6.10 Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) 118

6.11 Holographic Communication 118

6.12 Advanced Artificial Intelligence Integration 119

6.13 Massive Device Connectivity 119

6.14 Environmental and Energy Efficiency 119

6.15 Designing an Antenna for Healthcare Applications 120

6.16 Conclusion 122

References 123

7 Design and Fabrication of Vehicle Automation Systems 125
Dhivya V., Karthikeyan M. and Selvam M.

Nomenclatures 126

7.1 Introduction 126

7.2 Related Work 127

7.3 Design of the Project 128

7.4 Fabrication 134

7.5 Conclusion 136

7.6 Future Scope 137

References 137

8 Design and Optimization of Antennas with Improved ON–OFF Body Performance for Biomedical Applications 139
A.B. Gurulakshmi, Bhawna Khokher, G. Rajesh, Sanjeev Sharma, S. Meghana, Y. Veni, S. Bhavishya and Mohammed H. Alsharif

8.1 Introduction 140

8.2 Literature Review 141

8.3 Antenna Design 142

8.4 Comparison Results 163

8.5 Limitations 166

8.6 Conclusion 166

References 167

9 Beyond 5G-Based Smart Hospitals: Integrating Connectivity and Intelligence 169
Kiran Chand Ravi, G. Kavitha, Lakkakula Hari Prasad, Narni V. V. S. Srinivasa Rao, Shanmugavel Deivasigamani, Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh and Shams Tabrez Siddiqui

9.1 Introduction 170

9.2 Related Works 173

9.3 Methodology 177

9.4 6G-Enabled SHS Applications and Challenges 179

9.5 Future Research Directions and Recommendations 185

9.6 Conclusions 188

References 188

10 Patient Monitoring Using 5G, with MIMO-NOMA for mm-Wave Communications in Heterogeneous Networks 195
Suprith P. G., Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed, Mahendra Shridhar Naik, Kavitha K. J. and Chaitra S. N.

10.1 Introduction 196

10.2 Related Works 197

10.3 NOMA Architecture 202

10.4 Power Allocation to the 5G-Enabled NOMA Users and Hospital 204

10.5 NOMA-MIMO System 204

10.6 Results and Discussion 208

10.7 Conclusion and Future Scope 211

References 211

11 A Review on the Internet of Medical Things 215
Sowmith Prajwal, Tharun Salgar S., Chethana H.T. and Karthik R.

11.1 Introduction 216

11.2 Architecture of IoMT 217

11.3 IoMT – Applications, Benefits and Challenges 224

11.4 Literature Review 229

11.5 Conclusion 231

References 231

12 6G Networks Technology: An Exhaustive Survey 235
Nishant Gaur, Sumit Chakravarty and Aziz Nanthaamornphong

12.1 Introduction 236

12.2 Wireless Networks Evolution: 1G to 6G 240

12.3 Methods 245

12.4 Results and Discussion 250

12.5 Conclusion 252

References 253

13 Smart Hospitals: Integrating Connectivity and Intelligence: A Comprehensive Study and Challenges 257
Nishi Singh, Nidhi Gour and Ankit Kumar Tiwari

13.1 Introduction 258

13.2 Smart Hospital Challenges and Opportunities 265

13.3 Smart Hospital System Design 267

13.4 Smart and Connect Health 271

13.5 IoT Design Architecture for Healthcare 278

13.6 Conclusion 283

References 284

14 Exploring the Role of 6G Technology in Smart Healthcare Systems: Challenges, and Future Trends 287
Sajja Suneel, Manjula K., Sowmya B. K., Venkateshmurthy B. S., Shams Tabrez Siddiqui and Lakshmana Phaneendra Maguluri

14.1 Introduction 288

14.2 Theoretical Background 292

14.3 Taxonomy 294

14.4 Key Enabling Technologies for 6G Smart Healthcare 302

14.5 Research Challenges and Future Directions 305

14.6 Conclusion 310

References 311

Index 315