Pathological Basis of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases

The Editors S. R. Prabhu is an Honorary Associate Professor at the University of Queensland School of Dentistry in Brisbane, Australia, a Fellow of the Dental Faculty of all four Royal Surgical Colleges of the UK and Ireland and a former Commonwealth Medical Scholar. Syed Ali Khurram is a Professor of Pathology and Honorary Consultant Pathologist at the University of Sheffield, UK. Omar Kujan is an Associate Professor and the discipline lead in Oral Pathology at UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. Merva Soluk Tekkesin is a Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology at Istanbul University, Turkey.

About the Editors xi

List of Contributors xiii

Foreword xviii

Preface xix

Section 1 Pathology as the Foundation of Medicine 1

1 Introduction to Pathology 3
S. R. Prabhu and Suja Pillai

2 Global Scenario, Aetiology and Risk Factors Associated with Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases: An Overview 11
Nesa Aurlene Jayadhas and Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla

3 The Role of Laboratory Diagnosis in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: An Overview 27
Hannah Walsh and Daniel J. Brierley

Section 2 Homeostasis and Cellular Pathology 39

4 Homeostasis and Influences of Environment and Nutrition 41
A. V. Chalapathi Rao and S. R. Prabhu

5 Cellular Structure and Function 51
Suheyla Kaya Copyrighted Material

6 Cell Injury: Causes, Mechanisms and Responses 64
S. R. Prabhu

7 The Structure and Function of the Oral Mucosa 82
Gargi Sarode and Sachin Sarode

8 Cellular Mechanisms of Ageing of Oral Tissues 99
Jeremy Lau, Agnieszka Frydrych and Omar Kujan

9 Endocrine and Metabolic Dysfunction and Oro- Facial Diseases 108
Prazwala Chirravur and Pradeep Chirravur

Section 3 Defence Mechanisms Against Disease 133

10 Immunity and Host Defence Mechanisms in Oral Health and Disease 135
Irene Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza and José M. Aguirre-Urizar

11 Immune Dysfunctions Affecting the Oro-Facial Complex 147
Yeshwant Rawal

12 Pathology of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases of the Oro- Facial Complex: An Overview 175
S. R. Prabhu

13 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Healing of Cutaneous and Oral Mucosal Wounds 196
H. Ibrahim Korkmaz and Susan Gibbs

14 Healing of the Dental Pulp and Periodontal Tissues, Extraction Socket and BoneFracture 204
Sachin Sarode and Gargi Sarode

Section 4 Clinical Genetics and Developmental Pathology 227

15 The Human Genome and Inheritance: Key Concepts 229
Yucel Erbilgin and Muge Sayitoglu

16 Heritable Diseases with Examples Involving the Oro- Facial Complex 245
Fadi Titinchi and Johan Opperman

17 Non- heritable Developmental Disorders with Examples Involving the Oral- Maxillofacial Complex 274
John Anthony Ozolek

Section 5 Infectious and Systemic Diseases 293

18 Human Microbiome in Health and Disease with Reference to Dysbiosis in Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases 295
Preethi Balan, Nadeeka Udawatte and Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne

19 Pathology of Infection and Infectious Diseases of the Oro-Facial Complex 310
Nagamani Narayana and John Casey

20 Oral-systemic Link and Its Impact on General and Oral Health 339
Dáire Shanahan and Sarah Jane George

21 Orofacial Manifestations of Systemic Diseases: An Overview 362
Philip Atkin

22 Adverse Drug Reactions in the Orofacial Complex 377
Sue-Ching Yeoh

Section 6 Disorders of Cell and Tissue Growth 407

23 Neoplasia: Basic Concepts 409
Omar Kujan and Philip Sloan

24 Molecular Basis of Cancer 415
Lalima Tiwari and Omar Kujan

25 Host Defences Against Cancer 429
Andreia Bufalino

26 WHO Classification of Tumours: An Overview 440
Muhammed Yakin and Richard Logan

27 Dysplasia, Precancer and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders 449
Agnieszka Frydrych and Omar Kujan

Section 7 Neoplastic Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and Salivary Glands 475

28 Global Burden, Risk factors and Pathobiology of Malignant Neoplasms of the Oral Mucosa and the Oropharynx 477
Paul Hankinson and Syed Ali Khurram

29 Presentation, Diagnosis and Prognosis of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Oral Mucosa and Oropharynx 498
Selvam Thavaraj and Adam Jones

30 Global Burden, Classification, Pathobiology, Genetics and Prognosis of Salivary Gland Neoplasms 531
Lucas Lacerda de Souza, Marcio Ajudarte Lopes, Pablo Agustin Vargas and Syed Ali Khurram

Section 8 Diseases of the Oral and Maxillofacial Skeleton 567

31 Classification and Pathogenesis of Odontogenic and Non- odontogenic Jaw Cysts 569
Paul M. Speight and Merva Soluk Tekkesin

32 Global Burden, Pathobiology, Genetics and Behaviour of Odontogenic Neoplasms 585
Keith Hunter and Merva Soluk Tekkesin

33 Pathogenesis and Behaviour of Fibro- osseous and Giant- Cell Lesions of the Jaw Bones 604
Lisette Collins and Merva Soluk Tekkesin

Section 9 Pain Disorders 615

34 Pathophysiology of Orofacial Pain 617
Janani Ravichandran, Guru O., Ramesh Balasubramaniam and Barry Sessle

35 Genetics, Lifestyle and Psychosocial Considerations in Orofacial Pain 639
Lasanthini Weerakkody, Jeremy Lau, Kavitha Vegunta, Davis C. Thomas and Ramesh Balasubramaniam

Index 658