Obstetric and Gynaecological Ultrasound Made Easy

Section 1: Obstetrics 1How to learn obstetric scanning 1.1The machine and its controls 1.2Your training schedule 1.3Log your cases 1.4Reporting your findings 2Early pregnancy 2.1The viable pregnancy 2.2The non-viable pregnancy 2.3Ectopic pregnancy 2.4Multiple pregnancy 2.5Molar pregnancy 2.6Nuchal translucency 2.7Fetal abnormalities 2.8Associated findings 3The detailed anomaly scan 3.1The head 3.2The spine 3.3The chest 3.4The abdominal wall and contents 3.5The limbs 3.6Soft markers 4The cervix, placenta and amniotic fluid 4.1The cervix 4.2Placental morphology 4.3Antepartum haemorrhage 4.4Assessment of amniotic fluid 5 Fetal growth and assessment 5.1Indications 5.2Normal growth 5.3Your growth scan 5.4Measurements and clinical interpretation 5.5Macrosomia 5.6Intrauterine growth restriction 5.7Doppler 5.8Biophysical profile 5.9Multiple pregnancy 6Invasive procedures 6.1Technique 6.2Amniocentesis 6.3Chorion biopsy 6.4Fetal blood sampling 6.5Intracardiac injection 6.6Other procedures Section 2: Gynaecology 7How to undertake a gynaecological scan 7.1Preparing the patient and yourself 7.2The transabdominal scan 7.3The transvaginal scan 7.4Reporting your findings 8The uterus 8.1Physiological changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle 8.2Normal uterine appearance 8.3Normal endometrial appearance 8.4Abnormal endometrial appearance 8.5Abnormal myometrial appearance 8.6Intrauterine contraceptive devices 8.7The cervix 9The ovaries 9.1Physiological changes seen in the ovary 9.2Normal ovarian appearance 9.3Functional cysts 9.4Polycystic ovaries 9.5Abnormal ovarian appearance - benign or malignant? 10The use of ultrasound for fertility problems 10.1Investigation 10.2Assisted conception Further reading Index