Fundamental Toxicology

Chapter 1: Introduction to Toxicology;

1.1: Introduction;1.2: Exposure to Potentially Toxic Substances;1.3: Adverse Effects;1.5: Tolerance and Resistance;

1.6: Toxicity Testing;

1.7: Epidemiology and Human Toxicology;

1.8: Bibliography;

Chapter 2: Introduction to Toxicodynamics;

2.1: Introduction;

2.2: Dose-Toxicity Relationships;2.3: Toxicity Testing and Health Risk;

2.4: Bibliography;

Chapter 3: Toxicokinetics;

3.1: Introduction;

3.2: Absorption;

3.3: Distribution;

3.4: Elimination;

3.5: Chronic Administration;

3.6: Saturation Kinetics;

3.7: Toxicokinetics and Risk Assessment;

3.8: Conclusions;

3.9: Bibliography;

Chapter 4: Data Interpretation;

4.1: Introduction;

4.2: Risk Analysis and Risk Mangement;

4.3: Data Retrieval;

4.4: Types of Data;

4.5: Handling Quantitative Data Using Statistical Analysis;

4.6: Evaluation of Experimental Data;

4.7: Errors and Faults in Data Interpretation;

4.8: Conclusion;4.9: Bibliography;

Chapter 5: Risk Assessment;

5.1: Introduction;

5.2: Definitions;

5.3: Process of Risk Assessment;

5.4: Hazard Identification and Characterisation;

5.5: Risk Characterisation;

5.6: Conclusions;

5.7: Bibliography;

Chapter 6:Risk Management;

6.1: Introduction;

6.2: The Risk Evaluation and Management Process;

6.3: Risk Considerations;

6.4: Criteria for Risk Evaluations: Human Health;

6.5: Criteria for Risk Evaluation: Environment;

6.6: Tolerable Risk;

6.7: Criteria for Risk Evaluation: Further Comments;

6.8: Risk Management;

6.9: Conclusions;

6.10: Bibliography;

Chapter 7: Exposure and Monitoring;

7.1: Introduction;

7.2: General Principles;

7.3: Criteria for a Monitoring Programme;

7.4: Biomarkers and Sensitivity Screening;

7.5: Ethical Consideration;

7.6: Bibliography;

Chapter 8: Risk Management;

8.1: Introduction;

8.2: Structure of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid);

8.3: Types of Genetic Damage;

8.4: Repair of Damaged DNA;

8.5: Chromosomal;

8.6: Transmissible Human Genetic Damage;

8.7: Tests for Genetic Toxicity;

8.8: Conclusion;

8.9: Bibliography;

Chapter 9: Carcinogenicity;

9.1: Introduction;

9.2: Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity;

9.3: Tests for Carcinogens;

9.4: Epidemiology;

9.5: Conclusions;

9.6: Bibliography;

Chapter 10: Introduction to Toxicogenomics;

10.1: Introduction;

10.2: Microarray Technology;

10.3: Proteomics;

10.4: Metabonomics Overview;

10.5: Conclusion;

10.6: Bibliography;

Chapter 11: Reproductive Toxicology;

11.1: Introduction;

11.2: Risk Assessment for Reproductive Toxicity;

11.3: Thresholds in Reproductive Toxicology;

11.4: Screening Tests in Animals for Reproductive Toxicity;

11.5: Extrapolation of Results of Animal Studies to Humans;

11.6: The European Community Classification of Chemicals for Reproductive Toxicity;

11.7: The 7th Amendment to EC Directive 67/548/EEC 1992;

11.8: Classification of Chemicals as Toxic for Reproduction;

11.9: Categorisation;

11.10: Lactation;

11.11: Testing Requirements under the Dangerous Substances Directive;

11.12: Downstream Consequences Relating to the Classification of Chemicals (CMR Substances);

11.13: Bibliography;

Chapter 12: Immunology and Immunotoxicology;

12.1: Introduction;

12.2: Innate Immunity;

12.3: Adaptive Immunity;

12.4: Humoral Immunity;

12.5: Cell Mediated Immunity;

12.6: Delayed Type Hypersensitivity;

12.7: Complement;

12.8: Hypersensitivity;

12.9: Immunodeficiency;

12.10: Autoimmunity;

12.11: Transplantation;

12.12: Vaccination;

12.13: Immunotoxicity;

12.14: Bibliography;

Chapter 13: Skin Toxicity;

13.1: Introduction;

13.2: Skin Anatomy;

13.3: Permeation;

13.4: Potency;

13.5: Dermal Toxicology;

13.6: Dermatitis;

13.7: Toxin Accumulation, Metabolism and Transport;

13.8: Chemical Carcinogenesis;13.9: Ultraviolet Radiation;

13.10: Enzymes;

13.11: Peroxisomes;

13.12: Conclusions;

13.13: Bibliography;

Chapter 14:Respiratory Toxicology;

14.1: Introduction;

14.2: Structure and Function;

14.3: Exposure of the Lung to Toxicants;

14.4: The Frequency of Occupational Lung Damage;

14.5: Asthma and Other Toxic Effects on the Airways;

14.6: Interstitial Lung Disease;

14.7: Lung Cancer;

14.8: The Lung as a Portal of Entry and Elimination;

14.9: Clinical Evaluation;

14.10: Conclusions;

14.11: Bibliography;

Chapter 15: Hepatotoxicity;

15.1: Introduction;

15.2: The Anatomy of the Liver;

15.3: Mechanisms of Cellular Injury;

15.4: Patterns of Response to Injury in the Liver;

15.5: Detection of Liver Damage;

15.6: Clinical Problems Resulting from Liver Damage;

15.7: Bibliography;

Chapter 16:Nephrotoxicity;

16.1: Introduction;

16.2: Physiology;

16.3: Hormone Effects;

16.4: Handling Toxins;

16.5: Toxic Nephropathies;

16.6: Metal Toxicology;

16.7: Organic Solvents;

16.8: Mycotoxins;

16.9: Pesticides;

16.10: Antineoplastic Drugs;

16.11: Renal Carcinogens;16.12: Bibliography;

Chapter 17: Neurotoxicity;

17.1: Introduction;

17.2: The Nervous System;

17.3: The Blood Brain Barrier;

17.4: Special Features of the Nervous System;

17.5: Toxicology of the Nervous System;

17.6: Mechanisms of Reproduction of Neuronal Lesions;

17.7: Bibliography;

Chapter 18:Behavioural Toxicology;

18.1: Introduction;

18.2: Animal Approach to Behavioural Toxicology;

18.3: Models Based on Negative Reinforcement;

18.4: Models based on Positive Reinforcement;

18.5: Summary and conclusions for Animal Models;

18.6: The Human Approach to Behavioural Toxicology;

18.7: Field Studies: Occupational Exposure;

18.8: Field Studies: Environmental Exposure;

18.9: Conclusions;

18.10:Bibliography;

Chapter 19: Pathways and Behaviour of Chemicals in the Environment;

19.1: Introduction;

19.2: Concepts for Environmental Exposure Assessment;

19.3: Human and Veterinary Medicines in the Environment;

19.4: Bibliography;

Chapter 20: Ecotoxicity - Effects of Toxicants on Ecosystems;

20.1: Introduction;

20.2: Understanding How Ecosystems Work;

20.3: Effects of Human Activities on Ecosystems;

20.4: Measurement of Toxic Effects on Organisms and Ecosystems;

20.5: Conclusion;

20.6: Bibliography;

Chapter 21: Radionuclides;

21.1: Introduction;

21.2: Types of Ionising Radiation;

21.3: Radionuclides;

21.4: The Unit of Radioactivity;

21.5: Interaction of Radiation with Matter;

21.6: Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation;

21.7: Units of Radiation Dose;

21.8: Effects of Radiation in Man;

21.9: Routes of Exposure;

21.10: Metabolism of Radionuclides;

21.11: Some Examples of Radionuclide Metabolism;

21.12: Bibliography;

Chapter 22: Biocides and Pesticides;

22.1: Introduction;

22.2: Organochlorine Insecticides;

22.3: Organophosphates and Carbamates;

22.4: Nicotinoid Insecticides;

22.5: Pyrethroid Insecticides;

22.6: Other pesticides;22.7: Pesticide Residues in Food and Drinking Water;

22.8: Pesticide Exposure in the Occupational Setting;

22.9: Exposure assessment;

22.10: Risk Assessment and Risk Management;22.11: Susceptible and Vulnerable Groups;

22.12: Conclusion;

22.13: Bibliography;

Chapter 23:Toxicology in the Clinical Laboratory;

23.1: Introduction;

23.2: Specimen Collection for Toxicological Analysis;

23.3: Choice of Laboratory Techniques;

23.4: Biochemical and Haematological investigation in the Investigation of Poisoning;

23.5: Substances of Clinical or Medico-Legal Interest;

23.6: Miscellaneous Drugs;

23.7: Bibliography;

Chapter 24: Pharmaceutical Toxicology;

24.1: Introduction;

24.2: Specimen Collection and Application to Laboratory Techniques;

24.3: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics;

24.4: Selected Pharmaceuticals and Their Clinical Use;

24.5: Anaesthetic Agents;

24.6: Antibiotic Agents;

24.7: Anticonvulsants;

24.8: Antihistamines;

24.9: Antimalerials;

24.10: Barbiturates;

24.11: Benzodiazepines and Other Hypnotics;

24.12: Cardiovascular Agents (Heart and Circulation);

24.13: Cytotoxic/Anticancer Drugs;

24.14: Immunosuppressant Agents;

24.15: Insulin and Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents;

24.16: Lipid Lowering Drugs;

24.17: Lithium Salts;

24.18: Antipsychotic Drugs (Neuroleptics);

24.19: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs;

24.20: Opioid Analgesics;

24.21: Paracetamol, Aspirin and Other Non-opioid Analgesics;

24.22: Antidepressants;

24.23Bibliography;

Chapter 25: Safe Handling of Chemicals;

25.1: Introduction;

25.2: Legislation;

25.3: Toxicological Reaction;

25.4: Good Laboratory Practice;

25.5: Health and Safety;

25.6: Post Incident Procedures;

25.7: Protocols and Procedures;

25.8: Bibliography;