Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants

Noureddine Chaachouay is a professor at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) of Berrechid, Hassan First University in Settat, Morocco, has had a distinguished academic and professional journey. His educational background is deeply rooted in the sciences, particularly botany and life sciences. He achieved his Doctorate Degree in Sciences in 2020 from the Faculty of Sciences at Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, with his thesis focusing on the Floristic and Ethnomedicinal Study of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in the Rif region of Northern Morocco. Before his current role as an assistant professor, which he has held since 2020, he spent five years teaching secondary school in life and earth sciences in the Provincial Directorate of Education in Salé, Morocco. His credentials, which include a Certificate of Pedagogical Qualification for Secondary Education and a Certificate of Recognition of Success in the Professional Aptitude Examination for Secondary Education, further demonstrate his dedication to education. His technical skills are grounded in his diploma in systems and network computing. As a researcher, he is keenly interested in studying the use of plants in various areas, such as alternative medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, clothing, rituals, flavors, fragrances, and dyes. In recognition of his contributions to scientific research, Pr. Noureddine was awarded the prestigious Hassan First University Prize for Scientific Research in 2023, underscoring his status as a "young researcher." This accolade is a testament to his commitment to advancing knowledge in his field. His academic and professional experiences reflect a deep commitment to education and research, particularly in botany, climate change, and sustainable development. Abdelhamid Azeroual is a professor at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) of Berrechid, Hassan First University of Settat, Morocco. He got his Ph.D. from Mohammed V-Agdal University in Rabat, Morocco. He has over 20 years' experience in research, teaching, and administration. As part of his professional activities, he has received several scientific research grants (German DAAD, etc.) and participated in several European Tempus programs. As a permanent member of the "Agri-Food and Health" research laboratory, he first developed his research on the ichthyofauna of the continental waters of Morocco, conducting the very first assessment of North African freshwater fish in 2007. He later extended his area of research to include the field of aromatic and medicinal plants. Since then, he has successfully published numerous papers in reputed and internationally recognized journals and several book chapters for internationally renowned publishers. Zidane Lahcen is a professor in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco, since 1997. His work focuses primarily on plant species, and agro-industrial production. This indicates a strong focus on applied biological sciences, especially in areas that intersect with botany, agriculture, and biotechnology. In addition to teaching, he is interested in research on the use of medicinal and aromatic plants by the local communities of Morocco. In addition, he is also the owner of a project focused on the inventory and preservation of plant species at the national level in Morocco. This project aims to establish the cataloging and mapping of the different plant species present in Morocco and the identification of threatened or endangered species. Given his position and area of expertise, Professor Lahcen is involved in teaching, mentoring students, and contributing to the academic community at the university. His role as a professor at a higher education institution confirms his commitment to educating the next generation of scientists and researchers in plant biology.

Chapter 1. Chambá - (Justicia pectoralis Jacq. - Acanthaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 2. Sweet flag - (Acorus calamus L. - Acoraceae)

Mustafa Keskin, Volkan Altay, and Munir Oztur

Chapter 3. Kanna - (Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E. Br. - Aizoaceae)

Aneeqa Hanif and Alvina Gul

Chapter 4. Pancratium lily - (Pancratium trianthum Herb. - Amaryllidaceae)

Munir Ozturk, Mustafa Keskin, and Volkan Altay

Chapter 5. Dream herb - (Calea zacatechichi Schltdl. - Asteraceae)

Iqra Siddique and Alvina Gul

Chapter 6. Iboga - Tabernanthe iboga Baill. - Apocynaceae

Emmanuel Muhumuza and Godwin Anywar

Chapter 7. False Peyote - (Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) Bravo - Cactaceae)

Ehsan Ali, Muhammad Farooq Azhar, and Ume Laila

Chapter 8. San Pedro cactus - (Echinopsis pachanoi - (Britton & Rose) Friedrich & G.D. owley – Cactceae

Talha Imtiaz, Ehsan Ali, and Muhammad Farooq Azhar

Chapter 9. Peyote - (Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M. Coult. - Cactaceae

Viktória L. Balázs, Nagy-Radványi Lilla, Ágnes Farkas, and Eszter Csikós

Chapter 10. Devil's tobacco - (Lobelia tupa L. - Campanulaceae)

Lilla Nagy-Radványi, Eszter Csikós, Ágnes Farkas, and Viktória L. Balázs

Chapter 11. Marijuana - (Cannabis sativa L. - Cannabaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Ouafae Benkhnigue, Abdelhamid Azeroual, and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 12. Bushman's tea - (Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. - Celastraceae)

Priyatama Vijaysing Powar and Noureddine Chaachouay

Chapter 13. Chilean Holly - (Desfontainia spinosa Ruiz & Pav. - Columelliaceae)

Murad Muhammad, Nimrah Ameen, Gopal Dixit, Yasir Arafat, Abdullah Abdullah, andAbdul Wahab

Chapter 14. Christmas vine - (Ipomoea corymbosa (L.) Roth - Convolvulaceae)

Eszter Csikós, Viktória L. Balázs, Ágnes Farkas, and Lilla Nagy-Radványi

Chapter 15. Beach Moonflower - (Ipomoea violacea L. - Convolvulaceae)

Anywar Godwin, Ojelel Samue, Tugume, Patience, Ssenku Jamilu, and Kakudidi Esezah

Chapter 16. Coca - (Erythroxylum coca Lam. - Erythroxylaceae)

Shehar Bano, Alvina Gul, and Munir Ozturk

Chapter 17. Tepezcohuite - (Senegalia tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose [syn.: Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.] - Fabaceae)

Mustafa Keskin, Volkan Altay, and Munir Ozturk

Chapter 18. Sensitive plant - (Mimosa pudica L. - Fabaceae)

Mustafa Keskin, Volkan Altay, Alvina Gul, and Munir Ozturk

Chapter 19. Yopo (Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Fabaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay, Allal Douira, and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 20. Vilca - (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan - Fabaceae)

Ruvimbo Jessy Mapaya and Alfred Maroyi

Chapter 21. Canary broom – (Cytisus canariensis (L.) Kuntze - Fabaceae)

Tamara Attard and Everaldo Attard

Chapter 22. Mescal Bean (Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC. Fabaceae

Noureddine Chaachouay and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 23. Coral tree - (Erythrina americana Mill. - Fabaceae)

Anam Fatima, Muhammad Zafar, Mushtaq Ahmad, Wajiha Zaka Ansari, Salman Majeed, and Nida Zahra

Chapter 24. Snoutbean - (Rhynchosia pyramidalis (Lam.) Urb. - Fabaceae)

Syed Sabir Hussain Shah, Saba Latif, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Zia ur Rehman Mashwani, Mubashrah Munir, and Noureddine Chaachouay

Chapter 25. Agara (Galbulimima belgraveana (F. Muell.) Sprague - Himantandraceae)

Daniyal Hussain, Ehsan Ali, and Muhammad Farooq Azhar

Chapter 26. Queule - (Gomortega keule (Molina) Baill. - Gomortegaceae)

Rahmatullah Qureshi et al.,

Chapter 27. Catnip -(Nepeta cataria L. - Lamiaceae)

Belkıs Muca Yiğit, İlker Çinbilgel, Sefa Gözcü, Ahmet Zafer TEL, and Ahmad Ali

Chapter 28. Inebriating mint - (Lagochilus inebrians Bunge - Lamiaceae)

Rahmatullah Qureshi, Ayesha Siddiqa, and Noureddine Chaachouay

Chapter 29. Diviner's sage - (Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva – Lamiaceae)

Mai M. Younis, Ahmed M. Elissawy, Samir M. Osman, Gokhan Zengin, Omayma A. Eldahshan, and Abdel Nasser B. Singab

Chapter 30: Sinicuichi - (Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link - Lythraceae)

Rahmatullah Qureshi et al.,

Chapter 31. Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) Morton Malpighiaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay, Abdelkarim El Djiri, Abderrahmaine Katiri, and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 32. Muiratinga (Maquira sclerophylla (Ducke) C.C.Berg - Moraceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 33. Epená - (Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb. - Myristicaceae)

Muhammad Younas, Ayesha Siddiqa, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Sabith Rehman, and Noureddine Chaachouay

Chapter 34. Virola - (Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb. - Myristicaceae)

Rahmatullah Qureshi, Ayesha Siddiqa, Muhammad Ishaq, Mehmooda Munazir, Muhammad Maqsood, Sehrish Sadia, and Noureddine Chaachouay

Chapter 35. Red ucuuba (Virola sebifera Aubl. Myristicaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay, Allal Douira, and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 36. Fragrant nutmeg - (Myristica fragrans Houtt. - Myristicaceae)

Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara, Harmand A. Hama, Aisha Abdullahi Mahmud, Bawale Sani Halliru, Isah Labaran, and Hussaini Danlami

Chapter 37. Wild rue - (Peganum harmala L. - Nitrariaceae)

Fathia Benlarbi and Noureddine Chaachouay

Chapter 38. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. - Papaveraceae)

Abdelhamid Azeroual, Noureddine Chaachouay, Ouafae Benkhnigue, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Bouchaib Bencharki, Khadija Temmante, and Aziz Baidani

Chapter 39. Kava - (Piper methysticum G.Forst. - Piperaceae)

Frank Kalungi and Godwin Anywar

Chapter 40. Belladonna - (Atropa belladonna L. - Solanaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay, Abdelhamid Azeroual, Mohd Kafeel Ahmad Ansari, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Bouchaib Bencherki, and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 41. Black henbane - (Hyoscyamus niger L. - Solanaceae)

Ouafae Benkhnigue, Noureddine Chaachouay, Jamaa Habchaoui, Khadija Temmante, Abdelhamid Azeroual, and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 42. Mandrake - (Mandragora officinarum L. - Solanaceae)

Jamaa Habchaoui, Noureddine Chaachouay, and Ouafae Benkhnigue

Chapter 43. Cultivated tobacco - (Nicotiana tabacum L. - Cannabaceae)

Bouchaib Bencharki, Noureddine Chaachouay, Abdelhamid Azeroual, and Aziz Baidani

Chapter 44. Having hairy flowers - (Latua pubiflora (Griseb.) Baill.-Solanaceae)

Ume Laila, Ehsan Ali, and Muhammad Farooq Azhar

Chapter 45. Pricklyburr - (Datura innoxia Miller - Solanaceae)

Volkan Altay, Mustafa Keskin, Alvina Gul, and Munir Ozturk

Chapter 46. Golden angel's trumpet - (Datura stramonium L. - Solanaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay, Fathia Benlarbi, Abdelhamid Azeroual, Abdel Khalid Essamadi, Rahmatullah Qureshi, and Lahcen Zidane

Chapter 47. Jimson Weed - (Brugmansia pittieri (Saff.) Moldenke - Solanaceae)

Khola Rafique and Alvina Gul

Chapter 48. Squirting cucumber - (Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich. - Cucurbitaceae)

Munir Ozturk, Volkan Altay, Mustafa Keskin, and Alvina Gul

Chapter 49. Ginger - (Zingiber officinale Roscoe - Zingiberaceae)

Khadija Temmante, Noureddine Chaachouay, Ouafae Benkhnigue, and Abdelhamid Azeroual

Chapter 50. Lesser galangal - (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. - Zingiberaceae)

Noureddine Chaachouay, Ouafae Benkhnigue, Mohd Kafeel Ahmad Ansari, Rahmatullah Qureshi, Abdelhamid Azeroual, Bouchaib Bencherki, and Lahcen Zidane