Frailty

Jorge G. Ruiz, MD, FACP, Medical Director, Geriatric Medicine, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida, and Clinical Affiliate Professor of Geriatric Medicine, Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Olga Theou, PhD, Assistant Professor of Physiotherapy and Medicine at Dalhousie University, Canada Research Chair in Physical Activity, Mobility and Healthy Aging, Affiliated Scientist of Geriatric Medicine with Nova Scotia Health, Adjunct Senior Lecturer of Medicine at the University of Adelaide, Australia

Part 1 - Frailty and Related Concepts - An Overview (THEOU).- Phenotype.- Deficit accumulation.- Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of frailty.- Integration - A unified frailty framework.- Intrinsic Capacity.- Transitions, Trajectories, and Reversibility.- Sarcopenia and Frailty: a common thread across multiple comorbidities.- Complications of Frailty.- Sex Differences and Frailty.- Part 2 - Mechanisms - Pathogenesis & Research.- Inflammaging & Immunosenescence.- Implications of the Exposome for Frailty.- Preclinical Models Of Frailty.- Biomarkers of frailty.- Mitochondrial alterations and signaling in aging, frailty, and sarcopenia: an integrated view.- Human Microbiome and Frailty: From Observations of Clinically Relevant Associations to Insights into Biological Mechanisms.- Part 3 - Assessment (THEOU).- Clinical Frailty Scale.- Frailty Measure Development, Selection and Implications.- Pictorial Fit-Frail Scale.- Frailty Assessment: The FRAIL scale.- Edmonton Frail Scale.- The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI).- The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) Frailty Index.- Physical Assessments Instruments.- Technology-Based Assessments of Frailty.- Frailty Tools Using Health Care Database.- Part 4 - Management - Treatment and Prevention.- Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment CGA.- Exercise Strategies for Improving Health Outcomes in Older Adults with Comorbidities: The Role of Vivifrail Tailored-Multicomponent Training.- Nutritional Aspects Of Frailty In Older Adults: Undernutrition, Nutrients Consumption, And Diet Patterns.- Deprescribing.- Geroscience-based Interventions.- Integrated Care for Frailty.- Part 5 - Settings of Care.- Frailty in primary care: interventions and opportunities.- Frailty in Acute Care Settings.- Frailty in Nursing Homes.- Rehabilitation.- Palliative care.- Frailty in Home Care.- A community model for detecting and managing frailty.- Part 6 - Other Conditions.- Bidirectional Relationships between COVID-19 and Frailty in Older Adults.- Frailty and Cancer.- Frailty & Cardiovascular Disease.- Frailty in older people with diabetes mellitus.- Frailty and Cognition. Fellow travelers or partners in crime?.- Frailty and Orthogeriatrics: Enhancing Care for Fragility Fractures.- Frailty in Older Adults with Obesity and the Effect of Lifestyle Interventions.- Vaccines, vaccine-preventable diseases, and frailty.- Oral Health and Frailty.- Perioperative, surgical, and procedural care for older adults with frailty.- Delirium.- Part 7 - Social and Other Issues.- Social Determinants of Physical Frailty.- Educating and Training the Workforce.- Frailty in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.- Ethical and Policy Aspects of Frailty.