Renal Osteodystrophy

Part 1 Bone structures: cells, organic and mineral phases of bone; bone formation and resorption; mineralized bone histology in the normal and uremic state. Part 2 Ions and hormones: calcium and phosphorous; hydrogen ions; parathyroid hormone in health and chronic renal disease; vitamin D; calcitonon and other hormones; growth factors and cytokines in renal osteodystrophy. Part 3 Renal osteodystrophy: approach to the patient with suspected renal osteodystrophy - inclusing indications for bone biopsy; high turnover in renal osteodystrophy; low turnover in renal osteodystrophy; aluminum and renal osteodystrophy; -2 microglobulin and dialysis-related amyloidosis; bone mineral metabolism in children and chronic renal failure; parathyoidectomy in dialysis patients - indications and postoperative management. Part 4 Prevention and management: prevention and management pre-dialysis; prevention and management of renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients; effects of renal transplantation of bone and mineral metabolism.