Pediatric Neurology

Dr. Stephen Ashwal is Distinguished Professor and Chief of the Division of Child Neurology in the Department of Pediatrics at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. He is a graduate of New York University School of Medicine (1966-70), and completed his residency training programs in Pediatrics (Bellevue Hospital, 70-73) and in Child Neurology (University of Minnesota, 73-76). His research activities have focused on critical care issues in child neurology related to brain death, the vegetative and minimally conscious states, bacterial meningitis, and near drowning; the role of nitric oxide in focal cerebral ischemia; development of animal models of neonatal stroke and the use of proton spectroscopy for outcome prediction after acute CNS injuries. He has been a member of the Child Neurology Society since 1975 and served as chair of the Scientific Selection, Ethics, Archives and Practice Committee, Councilor from the West, Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, and President (2001-03). Dr. Ashwal edited The Founders of Child Neurology, published on behalf of the Society in 1990, that is a history of the field of child neurology and its major contributors. He served as co-chair (representing the CNS) on The Multi-Society Task Force on the Persistent Vegetative State. He has been active in the development of practice parameters related to child neurology and served as a member of the Quality Standard Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology that is responsible for development of guidelines dealing with issues related to the evaluation of children with autism, cerebral palsy, developmental delay, headaches and status epilepticus. With Dr. Kenneth Swaiman and Dr. Donna Ferriero, he served as coeditor of one of the main textbooks in the field of child neurology, Pediatric Neurology: Principles & Practice (2006).

Part I: Clinical Evaluation 1. General Aspects of Patient Neurologic History 2. Neurologic Examination of the Older Child 3. Neurologic Examination After the Newborn Period Until 2 Years 4. Neurologic Examination of the Term and Preterm Infant 5. Muscular Tone and Gait Disturbances 6. Visual Loss Associated with Childhood Neurologic Disease 7. Hearing Impairment 8. Vertigo 9. Taste and Smell Part II: Neurodiagnostic Testing 10. Spinal Fluid Examination 11. Pediatric Neuroimaging 12. Pediatric Neurophysiologic Evaluation Part III: Perinatal Acquired and Congenital Neurologic Disorders 13. Neonatal Seizures 14. Hypoxic-Ischemic Cerebral Injury in the Newborn1 5. Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Neonate 16. Perinatal Metabolic Encephalopathies 17. Congenital Structural Defects 18. Microcephaly, Micrencephaly, Megalocephaly, and Megalencephaly 19. Cerebral Palsy 20. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Part IV. Genetic, Metabolic, and Neurocutaneous Disorders 21. Introduction to Genetics 22. Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities 23. Aminoacidopathies and Organic Acidemias Resulting from Deficiency of Enzyme Activity and Transport Abnormalities 24. Diseases of Ammonia Metabolism 25. Diseases Associated with Primary Abnormalities in Carbohydrate Metabolism 26. Lysosomal Diseases 27. Oxidative Metabolism Disorders 28. Mitochondrial Diseases 29. Peroxisomal Disorders 30. Neurocutaneous Syndromes: Phakomatoses and Allied Conditions Part V. Neurobehavioral Disorders 31. Global Development Delay and Mental Retardation 32. Intellectual and Motor Regression 33. Speech and Language Disorders 34. Dyslexia 35. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 36. Tourette Syndrome and Its Associated Neurobehavioral Problems 37. Autistic Spectrum Disorders Part IV. Epilepsy 38. Pediatric Epilepsy: An Overview 39. Neurophysiology of Epilepsy 40. Genetics of Epilepsy 41. Generalized Seizures 42. Partial Seizures 43. Epileptiform Disorders with Cognitive Symptoms 44. Myoclonus and Myoclonic Seizures 45. Febrile Seizures 46. Status Epilepticus 47. Antiepileptic Drug Therapy in Children 48. The Ketogenic Diet 49. Epilepsy Surgery in the Pediatric Population 50. Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social Difficulties in Childhood Epilepsy Part VII. Non-Epileptiform Paroxysmal Disorders and Disorders of Sleep 51. Headaches 52. Breath-Holding Spells and Reflex Anoxic Seizures5 3. Syncope and Paroxysmal Disorders Other Than Epilepsy 54. Pediatric Sleep Disorders Part VIII. Disorders of Balance and Movement 55. Cerebellar Dysfunction and Ataxia in Childhood 56. Movement Disorders and Disorders of the Basal Ganglia 57. Pediatric Neurotransmitter Disease Part IX. Gray and White Matter Degenerative Disorders 58. Degenerative Diseases Primarily of Gray Matter 59. Disorders Primarily Affecting White Matter Part X. Brain Injury and Disorders of Conciousness 60. Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy 61. Impairment of Consciousness and Coma 62. Traumatic Brain Injury in Children 63. Nonaccidental Head Injury 64. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Infants and Older Children 65. Increased Intracranial Pressure 66. Spinal Cord Injury 67. Determination of Brain Death in Infants and Children Part XI. Infections of the Nervous System 68. Bacterial Infections of the Nervous System 69. Viral Infections of the Nervous System 70. Fungal, Rickettsial, and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System Part XII. Tumors and Vascular Disorders of the Nervous System 71. Tumors of the Brain and Spinal Cord including Leukemic Involvement 72. Cerebrovascular Disease in Children 73. Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatic Disorders of Childhood Part XIII. Neuromuscular Disorders 74. Normal Muscle 75. Anterior Horn Cell and Cranial Motor Neuron Disease 76. Peripheral Neuropathies in Childhood 77. Inflammatory Neuropathies in Childhood 78. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders of Childhood 79. Muscular Dystrophies 80. Congenital Myopathies 81. Metabolic Myopathies 82. Inflammatory Myopathies 83. Channelopathies: Myotonic Disorders and Periodic Paralysis Part XIV. Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Nervous System Disorders 84. Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland in Adolescence and Childhood 85. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System 86. Disorders of Micturition and Defecation Part XV. Systemic Diseases and Their Effect on the Nervous System 87. Poisoning and Drug-Induced Neurologic Diseases 88. Neurologic Disorders Associated with Cardiac Disease 89. Interrelationships between Renal and Neurologic Disease and Therapies 90. Neurologic Disorders Associated with Gastrointestinal Diseases, Nutritional Deficiencies, and Fluid-Electrolyte Disorders 91. Neurologic Complications of Immunization Part XVI. General Management Principles 92. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Medicine 93. Pain and Palliative care Management 94. Ethical Issues in Child Neurology 95. Neuropsychopharmacology Part XVI. Child Neurology Resources 96. The Internet and Its Resources for the Child Neurologist 97. Resource Guide for Child Neurologists