Mutagenic Effects of Environmental Contaminants

Organizing PanelContributorsPrefaceIntroduction: Genetic Toxicology TextGene Mutation as a Cause of Human Disease Text ReferencesThe Molecular Basis of Mutation The Genetic Material Replication of Genetic Material Utilization o f Genetic Information The Nature of Mutations Mechanisms o f Mutagenesis The Effects o f Mutation on the OrganismMonitoring of Chemical Mutagens in our Environment Introduction Problems in Testing for Mutagenic Activity 1. Comparative Mutagenesis 2. Evaluation of Results from Mutagenesis Testing 3. Weak Mutagenic Activity: A Major Problem Area Conclusion ReferencesThe Detection of Mutations with Non-Mammalian Systems Prokaryote Systems 1. DNA Transformation 2. Bacteriophage 3. Bacteria Eukaryote Systems 1. Ascomycetes 2. Drosophila 3. Habrobracon 4. Tradescantia ReferencesA Bacterial System for Detecting Mutagens and Carcinogens Advantages of Using a Particular Set of Four Strains We Have Developed in Salmonella typhimurium Frameshift Mutagens and Their Relation to Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Agents That Have Been Shown to Be Mutagenic Using These Strains Reasons Why a Compound That Is Mutagenic or Carcinogenic in Humans May Be Missed in a Bacterial Screen Reasons That a Compound That Is Mutagenic for Bacteria May Not Be Mutagenic for Humans ReferencesThe Need to Detect Chemically Induced Mutations in Experimental Animals The Need to Use Mammalian Systems for Mutagenicity Testing Animal (Mammalian) Test Systems Impact of Mutagenicity Screening on Carcinogenicity Studies Insensitivity of Animal Data Definitive Animal Experiments — The Only Practical Means of Eliminating Mutagenic Agents ReferencesChromosome Mutations in Man Introduction Human Chromosomal Polymorphism Characterizing Human Chromosomal Mutations Monitoring Human Chromosomal Mutations Detecting an Increase in Human Chromosomal Mutations ReferencesThe Detection of Increased Mutation Rates in Human Populations Introductio The Approaches to Monitoring Human Populations 1. The Use of Population Characteristics 2. The Use of Sentinel Phenotypes 3. The Use of Biochemical and/or Chromosomal Mutations Some Problems in Monitoring for Mutations at the Chemical Level 1. Primarily Technical Questions 2. Primarily Theoretical Issues Concluding Remarks ReferencesMonitoring Somatic Mutations in Human Populations The Frequency of Point Mutations Somatic Point Mutations Repair of Somatic Mutations Sentinel Phenotypes for Somatic Mutation Conclusion ReferencesPesticidal, Industrial, Food Additive, and Drug Mutagens Introduction I. Pesticidal Mutagens II. Industrial Mutagens III. Food and Feed Additive and Naturally Occurring Mutagens IV. Drug Mutagens ReferencesMutagenicity of Biologicals Text Conclusion ReferencesPossible Relationships between Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Text ReferencesInterrelations between Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity Text Conclusion References