Fundamentals of Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy

Jane Harvey-Lloyd, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, UK.

Ruth M. Strudwick, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, UK.

Scott Preston, BSc (Hons), is a staff tutor of Health and Social Care, Open University

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiii

1 An Introduction to Radiographic Positioning and Terminology 1

Anatomical Terminology 2

Positioning Terminology 4

Projection Terminology 8

Glossary of Terms 9

2 Thoracic Cavity and Abdomen 13

Chest

Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Chest 14

Lateral Projection of the Chest (Left) 16

Sternum

Lateral Projection of the Sternum (Left) 18

Abdomen

Antero-posterior (AP) Supine Projection of the Abdomen 20

3 Upper Limb 23

Fingers

Dorsi-palmar (DP) Projection of the Index and Middle Fingers (Left) 24

Lateral Projection of the Index Finger (Left) 26

Lateral Projection of the Middle Finger (Left) 28

Dorsi-palmar (DP) Projection of the Ring and Little Fingers (Left) 30

Lateral Projection of the Ring Finger (Left) 32

Lateral Projection of the Little Finger (Left) 34

Thumb

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Thumb (Right) 36

Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Thumb (Right) 38

Lateral Projection of the Thumb (Right) 40

Hand

Dorsi-palmar (DP) Projection of the Hand (Left) 42

Dorsi-palmar (DP) Oblique Projection of the Hand (Left) 44

Lateral Projection of the Hand (Left) 46

Wrist

Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Wrist (Right) 48

Lateral Projection of the Wrist (Right) 50

Scaphoid

Postero-anterior (PA) Oblique Projection with Ulnar Deviation of the Wrist for Scaphoid (Left) 52

Zitter’s Projection of the Wrist for Scaphoid (Left) 54

Forearm

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Forearm (Right) 56

Lateral Projection of the Forearm (Right) 58

Elbow

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Elbow (Right) 60

Lateral Projection of the Elbow (Right) 62

Humerus

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Humerus (Left) 64

Lateral Projection of the Humerus (Left) 66

4 Shoulder Girdle 69

Shoulder

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Shoulder (Right) 70

Supero-inferior (Axial) Projection of the Shoulder (Right) 72

Scapula

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Scapula (Right) 74

Lateral (Y) Projection of the Scapula (Right) 76

Clavicle

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Clavicle (Right) 78

Infero-superior Projection of the Clavicle (Right) 80

5 Lower Limb 83

Hallux

Dorsi-plantar (DP) Projection of the Hallux (Left) 84

Lateral Projection of Hallux (Left) 86

Foot

Dorsi-plantar (DP) Projection of the Foot (Left) 88

Dorsi-plantar (DP) Oblique Projection of the Foot (Left) 90

Turned Lateral Projection of the Foot (Left) 92

Calcaneum

Axial Projection of the Calcaneum (Left) 94

Lateral Projection of the Calcaneum (Left) 96

Ankle

Antero-posterior (AP) Mortise Projection of the Ankle (Right) 98

Lateral Projection of the Ankle (Right) 100

Tibia and Fibula

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Tibia and Fibula (Tib/ Fib) (Left) 102

Lateral Projection of the Tibia and Fibula (Tib/Fib) (Left) 104

Knee

Antero-posterior Projection of the Knee (Left) 106

Turned Lateral Projection of the Knee (Left) 108

Horizontal Beam Lateral (HBL) Projection of the Knee (Right) 110

Femur

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Femur (Right) – Hip Down 112

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Femur (Right) – Knee Up 114

Lateral Projection of the Femur (Right) – Hip Down 116

Lateral Projection of the Femur (Right) – Knee Up 118

6 Pelvic Girdle 121

Pelvis

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Pelvis 122

‘Low Centred’ Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Pelvis 124

Hip Joint

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Hip Joint (Left) 126

Turned Lateral Projection of the Hip Joint (Left) 128

Horizontal Beam Lateral Projection of the Hip Joint (Right) 130

Sacro Illiac Joints

Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Sacroiliac Joints 132

7 Spine 135

Cervical Spine

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Cervical Spine 136

Lateral Projection of the Cervical Spine (Right) 138

Antero-posterior (AP) Open Mouth Odontoid Process (Peg) Projection 140

Thoracic Spine

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Thoracic Spine 142

Lateral Projection of the Thoracic Spine (Right) 144

Lumbar Spine

Antero-posterior (AP) Projection of the Lumbar Spine 146

Lateral Projection of the Lumbar Spine (Right) 148

8 Skull and Facial Bones

Skull

Occipito-frontal (OF) 20° Projection of the Skull 152

Fronto-occiptal (FO) 30° (Towne’s) Projection of the Skull 154

Lateral Projection of the Skull (Right) 156

Facial Bones

Occipito-mental (OM) Projection of the Facial Bones 158

Occipito-mental (OM) 30° Projection of the Facial Bones 160

Lateral Projection of the Facial Bones (Right) 162

Mandible

Postero-anterior (PA) Projection of the Mandible 164

Lateral Oblique Projections of the Mandible (Right) 166

Orbits

Occipito-frontal (OF) 20° Projection of the Orbits 168

Dental

Dental Panoramic Tomography (DPT) 170

Index 173