Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia

Claudio Bassetti, Michel Billiard, Emmanuel Mignot

Historical Aspects. English Translations of the First Clinical Reports. Historical Aspects of Treatment. Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia: Immunogenetic Aspects. The Hypocretins. Cataplexy. Effect of Age on Narcolepsy. Narcolepsy in Children and Adolescents. Idiopathis Hypersomnia. Kleine-Levin Syndrome and Other Recurrent Hypersomnias. Spectrum of Narcolepsy. Sleep Paralysis, State Transition Disruptions, and Narcolepsy. Epidemiology: Development of the Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale. Epidemiology II. Alternate Etiologies. Neurophysiology. Abnormal Motor Activity During Sleep. Circadian and Ultradian Aspects. Homeostatic Sleep Regulation. Daytime Variations in Alertness/Drowsiness. Molecular Characterization of Hypocretin/Orexin and Melanin Concentrating Hormone Neurons. Nocturnal Polysomnography. Canine Narcolepsy. Vigilance Tests. Lessons from Sleepy Mice. Hypocretin-1 studies: the European Experience. Hypocretin-1/Orexin-A: the US Experience. Hypocretin Pathology. Symptomatic Narcolepsy with Cataplexy. Poststroke and Posttraumatic Hypersomnia. Potential Mechanisms of the Wake-Promoting Action of Hypocretin/Orexin. Normal Role of Hypocretin/Orexin. Role of Hypocretin/Orexin in the Neurobiology of Sleep and Alertness. Hypocretin, GABA-B Receptors, and Sleep. Activity Profile of Hypocretin Neurons in the Freely Moving Rat. Input and Output of Orexin/Hypocretin Neurons. Human Leukocyte Antigen and Narcolepsy. Non-HLA Genes. Mutation Screening of the Hypocretin System Genes. Environmental Factors. Autoimmune Studies. Metabolic Abnormalities. Hormomal Abnormalities. Psychosocial Impact. Driving. Comorbidity. Behavioral Management. Pharmacology of CNS Stimulants. Anticataplectic Medications. Modafinil: Mechanisms of Action. Modafinil: the European Experience. Modafinil: the US Experience. Molecular and Cellular Actions of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid. Sodium Oxybate. Perspectives for New Treatments. Diagnostic Criteria for Syndromes of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness. Appendixes: Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of CSF Measurements to Diagnose Narcolepsy. Treatment Guidelines.