Linking Neuroscience and Behavior in COVID-19

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene
1. The historical aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the ensuing pandemic
Taslima Nasrin, Md Samim Hassan, Arijit Samanta, Mehboob Hoque, and Safdar Ali
2. Different variants of SARS-CoV-2
Arijit Samanta, Md Samim Hassan, Taslima Nasrin, Syed Sahajada Mahafujul Alam, Zarnain Jamil, Harpal S. Buttar, Safdar Ali, and Mehboob Hoque
3. Lateral flow assay for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Uses and limitations
Mirajul Islam, Taslima Nasrin, Arijit Samanta, Safdar Ali, Harpal S. Buttar, and Mehboob Hoque
4. Linking community participation, mobility disabilities, and the COVID-19 pandemic
Kara B. Ayers, Jean P. Hall, and Claire Burdick
5. Influence of the sources used to obtain information on COVID-19 and their impact on mental health
Juan Gómez-Salgado, Juan Jesús García-Iglesias, Regina Allande-Cussó, and Carlos Ruiz-Frutos

Section B: Impact on behavior and psychology
6. The psychological experiences and distress of defined populations in the COVID-19 pandemic: Doctors
Amy Pascoe, Karen Willis, and Natasha Smallwood
7. Impact of COVID-19 on behavior in autism spectrum disorder
Giulia Antolini and Marco Colizzi
8. Prepandemic stressors in mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: Early life adversities and beyond
Xiangfei Meng
9. Compulsive hoarding in the COVID-19 pandemic
Nicole Loren Angelo, Andrea Pozza, Debora Rossi, Ilaria Aicardi, Giulia Chieppa, Isabella Bove, Federica Ragucci, Francesco Iocca, Daniele Pugi, and Donatella Marazziti
10. The psychological experiences and distress in Japan and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic
Sayo Hamatani, Anton K€all, Konomi Shoda, and Kazuki Matsumoto
11. The COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, and sleep: Linking depression, anxiety, and perceived
stress
Joana Bücker, Adriane Ribeiro Rosa, and Letícia Sanguinetti Czepielewski
12. The Covid-19 pandemic and the occupational overload of health professionals: Indicators of
burnout
Isabella Lara Machado Silveira, Flávia de Lima Osório, and Sonia Regina Loureiro
13. Neurocognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathogenesis, risk factors, assessment, and implications
Mohammad Nazmus Sakib
14. Acute neurocognitive disorder as a presenting manifestation of COVID-19
Brad Tyson, Leigh Tyson, Sudeshna Ray, and Pinky Agarwal
15. Mental health and the impact of confinement
Lorabi Souhib, David Sánchez-Teruel, Selma Boufellous, and María Auxiliadora Robles-Bello
16. Cannabis use in the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in different populations and implications
for policy
Adam Zaweel, Isaac Kuk, Soyeon Kim, Bernard Le Foll, and Christine M. Wickens
17. Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in women: Socioeconomic groups and global aspects
Khushi Kumar, Aashni Udani, and Maushmi S. Kumar
18. Quality of life assessment of patients after COVID-19
Eleni Tsimitrea, Paraskevi Siamouti, Konstntinos I. Gourgoulianis, and Evangelos C. Fradelos
19. COVID-19 pandemic and remote working: Toward a new way of working
Ferdinando Toscano and Teresa Galanti
20. Long COVID and its persistence: A focus on mental health
Michael John Dwyer, Massimo Mirandola, and Elda Righi
21. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral and psychological features of vulnerable groups: Patients with multiple sclerosis and their quality of life
Kubra Yeni

Section C: Effects on neurological structures and mechanisms
23. Linking pediatric COVID-19 with basal ganglia and dentate nucleus
Shraddha Sunthwal, Sagar Lad, and Preeti Lad
24. Sensory disorders, neuroinflammation, and COVID-19
Pietro De Luca and Arianna Di Stadio
25. The effects of COVID-19 isolations on nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease
Santangelo Gabriella and Carmine Vitale
26. Myelitis following COVID-19: The road so far
Cristiana Silva and Sónia Batista
27. The corpus callosum: Effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mRNA vaccine
Luca Procaccini and Antonio Bernardini
28. Assessing the impact of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure on infants’ neurodevelopment: A comprehensive analysis of current evidence
Fernanda Nava and Vania Aldrete-Cortez
29. Electroencephalographic features with COVID-19
Isabel M. Sáez-Landete, Adriana Gómez-Domínguez, Beatriz Estrella-León, and Alba Díaz-Cid
30. Survivors of COVID-19 and clinical neuropsychological domain characteristics
Pamela E. May-Weeks and Vaishali Phatak
31. Neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Carlos Alexandre Netto and Marimelia A Porcionatto
32. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and depressive symptoms in subjects with COVID-19
Giulia Cattarinussi, Alessandro Miola, and Fabio Sambataro
33. Impact of COVID-19 on the brain: Antibodies against brain stem antigens
Guglielmo Lucchese, Antje Vogelgesang, Angela Stufano, and Agnes Flöel
34. The kynurenine pathway and role in mental health of post-COVID-19 patients
Melike Kucukkarapinar, Filiz Karadag, and Selcuk Candansayar

Section D: Management, support and treatments
35. Management of brain tumors in the COVID-19 pandemic
Rajesh Balakrishnan, Sharief K. Sidhique, Patricia Sebastian, and Selvamani Backianathan
36. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ischemic stroke management: From hyperacute to chronic phase
Irene Scala, Simone Bellavia, Aldobrando Broccolini, Giovanni Frisullo, Pier Andrea Rizzo, Eleonora Rollo, Giacomo Della Marca, and Valerio Brunetti
37. Long COVID and the potential use of palmitoylethanolamide
Rocco Salvatore Calabro` and Loredana Raciti
38. Cognitive assessments in post-COVID syndrome: A focus on the neuropsychological tests and
protocols
Cristina Delgado-Alonso and Jordi A. Matias-Guiu
39. Supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the COVID-19
pandemic
David Ervin, Melody Jan, Emily J. Johnson, Lin Peters, and Carl Tyler
40. Preserving well-being and quality of life through school-based interventions focused on physical
activity during the COVID-19 pandemic
Alice Masini, Francesco Sanmarchi, and Laura Dallolio
41. Hesitancy in using COVID 19 prevention behaviors among African Americans: Strategies to
build confidence
Jennifer Cunningham Erves, Jamaine Davis, Elizabeth C. Stewart, Vanessa B. Crowther, and Whitney George
42. New strategies for psychological well-being at work
Teresa Galanti and Ferdinando Toscano
43. Mitigating mental health changes with virtual reality technology during Covid-19: A narrative
Muhammad Hizri Hatta, Chong Siew Koon, and Suriati Mohamed Saini
44. Music therapy for patients with neurological disorders during COVID-19 pandemic
Claudia Vinciguerra, Salvatore Iacono, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Valerio Nardone, and Antonio Federico
45. Mental health and the modulating effects of receiving the COVID-19 vaccination
Natsu Sasaki and Norito Kawakami
46. Personalized cognitive behavioral therapy on patients with obesity in COVID-19 pandemic
Riccardo Dalle Grave, Anna Dalle Grave, and Simona Calugi
47. Social anxiety disorder and Covid 19: Treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy
Narendra Nath Samantaray and Sapam Kiran Dolly
48. Burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: Modulating role of mindfulness
Makiko Sampei and Naho Morisaki

Section E: Case studies with mini review
49. Case study: Evaluation of a long Covid assessment service (LCAS)
Colin R. Martin, Scarlett Maloney, Sarah Fowler, Frances Farnworth, Katie Tyrrell, and Abigail Webb
50. Case study: Navigating youth mental health and addictions care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Roula Markoulakis and Anthony Levitt
51. Case study: Restless leg syndrome associated with COVID-19
Cyprian Popescu

Section F: Resources
52. Recommended resources for linking neuroscience and behavior in coronavirus disease
(COVID-19)
Rajkumar Rajendram, Daniel Gyamfi, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy