Understanding the Pandemic

Shampa Chatterjee is Associate Professor at the Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicinein Philadelphia. Trained in India, Germany and the US, her current research is on inflammation-immune signaling with a focus on the vascular system. Her lab studies the role of redox signals in the onset and amplification of inflammation and immune responses. Toward this, recent work from her group showed that the systemic cytokine storm associated with COVID-19 activates an inflammation cascade in the vascular system that can potentially lead to vascular dysfunction. Research in her lab is funded by extramural research funding from the NIH and corporate sources. Dr. Chatterjee serves on the Editorial Board of several journals in the field of pulmonary physiology. She has published more than 100 papers in peer reviewed journals and edited two books on Endothelial Signaling, and on Inflammation and Immune responses. Dr. Chatterjee has received numerous awards such as the Caroline Tum Suden young Investigator Award, and the Hermann Rahn award for Excellence if Pulmonary Physiology. The topics addressed in this book are central to her research where she tries unraveling the balance between the onset of inflammation in host protection and resolution of inflammation in host injury. Amaro Nunes Duarte Neto is an infectious diseases physician and pathologist, and Associate Professor at the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP). After graduating in medicine from the Universidade de Pernambuco in 1999, he moved to São Paulo, in the south-east of Brazil, to complete a fellowship in internal medicine and infectious diseases at the Hospital das Clínicas-FMUSP from 2000 to 2004. He also worked in the Intensive Care and Emergency Department at the University of São Paulo. After obtaining his PhD. in the field of leptospirosis pathology, he studied anatomical pathology and completed residency at the A.C. Camargo Cancer Centre in São Paulo from 2011-2014. Since then, he has been involved in autopsy and infectious disease pathology, with numerous publications on the pathology of COVID-19, yellow fever, AIDS, tuberculosis, and fungal infections. He is currently leading a project on preparedness in anatomical pathology for rapid response to future epidemics in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Marco Cascella, MD, is an Associate Professor of Anesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine at the University of Salerno. He graduated with honors in Medicine and Surgery in 1997 from the University “Vanvitelli” of Naples and later pursued postgraduate studies in anesthesia and intensive care in 2001. Prof. Cascella is actively engaged in research, with a particular focus on automatic pain assessment using AI techniques. He serves as an editorial board member for several medical journals and has delivered lectures at numerous conferences and conventions. With an extensive academic background, he has authored approximately 250 scientific publications, books, book chapters, etc., covering various medical domains ranging from anesthesia, pain treatment, and oncology to palliative care. Prof. Cascella plays a leadership role and actively participates in various research projects, showcasing his commitment to advancing medical knowledge and technology. Dr. Sonia Villapol earned her bachelor's degree in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology from the University of Santiago of Compostela (Spain) in 2003. She furthered her academic journey by obtaining her master's degree and PhD in Neuroscience from the Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain) in 2007. Following her doctoral studies, Dr. Villapol embarked on a fruitful research career. She served as a postdoctoral fellow at CNRS in the University Pierre and Marie Curie VI and at INSERM in Paris, France from 2007 to 2010. Subsequently, she continued her postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, and Uniformed Services University (USUHS) in Bethesda, Maryland from 2010 to 2014. In May 2014, Dr. Villapol joined the Department of Neuroscience at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where she held the position of Research Assistant Professor. Then, in July 2018, she transitioned to the Center for Neuroregeneration at Houston Methodist Research Institute, assuming the role of Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery. Dr. Villapol's academic and research achievements include securing extramural research funding as a Principal Investigator from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Department of Defense (DoD), and several private foundations. Additionally, she plays a role as a standing member of the Molecular Neurogenetics NIH Study Section (MNG) and other Institutes from NIH and DoD agencies. To date, Dr. Villapol have authored over 70 publications in esteemed peer-reviewed journals, predominantly focusing on the neuroinflammatory processes across different animal models. Her current research explores the mechanisms that modulate neurodegeneration and inflammation, the intricacies of the brain-gut axis, the impact of gastrointestinal changes and gut microbiome changes on Long COVID-19, and the development of gender-specific strategies for drug delivery aimed at neuro-restoration Dr. Anand Viswanathan is the Director of Telestroke Services at Partners Healthcare and Associate Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School. He is a staff neurologist in the Stroke Service and in the Memory Disorders Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Viswanathan is an executive member of the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Research Center (MADRC). His research program at the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center focuses on the contribution of stroke and vascular risk factors to dementia. His group has engaged in numerous multidisciplinary interactions and collaborations, including with economists, artists, and writers, in order to further understanding of mechanisms of disease and foster humanism in medicine. Aravind Ganesh is a Vascular and Cognitive Neurologist. He completed his MD at the University of Calgary, followed by a DPhil in Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Oxford’s Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia as a Rhodes scholar. He completed his neurology residency in Calgary, followed by a combined fellowship in stroke and cognitive neurology, funded by Alberta Innovates and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. He is a Fellow of the Canadian Stroke Consortium and is actively involved in the development of best-practice guidelines for stroke and dementia care. His clinical research is focused on understanding the natural history, risk stratification, prevention, and treatment of stroke and cognitive impairment using multidisciplinary methods including neuroimaging, clinical epidemiology, artificial intelligence, mixed-method research, and clinical trials. His lab also leads the development and testing of innovative applications and devices for the diagnosis and treatment of dementia and stroke. He has received New Investigator Awards from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and the Alzheimer Society of Canada, as well as the Henry J. M. Barnett Scholarship and the Brain Canada Future Leaders in Brain Research award for outstanding contributions as a researcher in the field of dementia and stroke. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he was a coinvestigator in the Alberta HOPE COVID-19 trial, led the linked Alberta Neuro-COVID cohort study, and led studies examining pandemic-associated changes in stroke care and presentations. Ching-lung Lai is the Emeritus Professor and was the Simon K Y Lee Professor in Gastroenterology and the Chair Professor of Medicine and Hepatology at the Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, where he has been working since his graduation with honors at the University of Hong Kong. For the last four decades Dr. Lai has been extensively involved in research on various aspects of the hepatitis B virus, including molecular virology, natural history, treatment and its prevention. Professor Lai has published over 520 peer-reviewed papers and reviews in international journals. His publications have been widely cited and he is one of top scientists in the field of chronic hepatitis B infection.. Dr. Lai’s group has been extensively involved in studying the immune responses to COVID-19. Giuseppe Remuzzi, MD, FRCP, is Director of Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS and Chiara Fama Professor of Nephrology and the University of Milan. From 1996 until 2013, he was Director of the public-private Department of Immunology and Transplant Medicine (a collaboration between the Ospedali Riuniti of Bergamo and the Mario Negri Institute) and from 1999 until 2018, he was also the Head of the Division of Nephrology and Dialysis. From 2011 until 2015, he was Director of the Department of Medicine of the Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII (formerly the Ospedali Riuniti) of Bergamo. In June 2015, he was nominated Chiara Fama Professor of Nephrology at the University of Milan. Prof. Remuzzi was President of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) for the biennium 2013-2015. From 2019, he has been the Vice President of the Italian Institute for Planetary Health (IIPH). He has been a member of the Consiglio Superiore di Sanità since February 2019. Prof. Remuzzi’s main research interests include the causes of glomerulonephritis and the mechanisms of progression of kidney diseases. He has also conducted many studies in the field of transplant rejection. In recognition of his achievements, he received many national and international awards, among them the ISN Jean Hamburger Award in 2005 during the World Congress of Nephrology in Singapore, the John P. Peters Award (American Society of Nephrology 2007, San Francisco), the ISN AMGEN Award (World Congress of Nephrology: WCN 2011, Vancouver), the International Award "Luis Hernando" (Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo Renal Foundation FRIAT: Madrid, Spain) and the “Lennox K. Black International Prize for Excellence in Medicine” (Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia). ). Prof. Remuzzi was honored by the Italian President of the Republic with the title of Cavaliere di Gran Croce in 2022. Prof. Remuzzi is the author of more than a thousand publications in international medical journals and has written 24 books.

Section 1: Coronaviruses (including SARS 1 and MERS), the Structure (sequence), Mechanism of Action Introduction 1. Origin, Evolution and Spread of SARS-CoV-2 2. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins in Infectivity 3. Structural and functional properties of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential vaccine and drug development for COVID-19 4. Population-Specific Polymorphisms and SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity 5. Insights into SARS-CoV-2 Structure: Approaches and Action of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors 6. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-COV: Similarities and Differences in Origin and Transmission Section 2: Inflammation and Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Introduction 7. Characterization of the Immune Response with Viral Attack 8. Inflammation, Cytokines and COVID-19 Severity 9. Immunological Considerations for COVID-19: Vaccines and Other Protective Strategies 10. Virus-specific T cell response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccinations 11. Oral and Gut Inflammation and Microbiota with COVID-19 12. Implications of Inflammation: Bone and Joint Health with COVID-19 13. COVID-19 and immune dysfunction: Consequences, and natural remedies for management Section 3: Pathological Findings with Clinical Correlation Introduction 14. Pulmonary Pathology of Severe Covid-19 15. Histopathological Analysis of the Cardiovascular System in severe COVID-19 16. Postmortem Neuropathology in COVID-19 17. Renal Pathology in Severe Covid-19 Section 4: The Blood Vessels and COVID-19: Vascular Dysfunction and Coagulopathies Introduction 18. Vascular Manifestations of COVID-19: Endothelial Dysfunction and Damage 19. Immunothrombosis involvement in COVID-19 20. COVID-19 associated coagulopathy 21. D-dimer in systemic circulation and COVID-19 outcome 22. Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Section 5: Neuro-COVID-19 and its Long-Term Implications Introduction 23. COVID and the Nervous System: Mechanisms and Consequences 24. Neuroinflammation: Unraveling Acute and Long COVID-19 Effects 25. Acute and Post-acute Neurologic and Psychiatric Manifestations in COVID-19 26. Pediatric Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19 27. Understanding the Pandemic: Pathophysiology, Transmission, and Treatment of Covid-19 Section 6: Should Covid-19 Concern Nephrologists? Why and to What Extent?" Introduction 28. Acute Kidney Injury with COvid-19: Mechanisms, Management, and Long-term Outcomes 29. Models and Cellular Monolayers to Study the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 on Kidneys 30. Clinical implications of COVID-19 in chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease Section 7: Long COVID-19 (long term effects - summarizing of clinical reports in literature) Introduction 31. Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequalae of COVID: An introduction 32. Long COVID: Pathophysiology and classification 33. Gender differences in Sequelae from COVID-19 Infection 34. Characterizing Long COVID-19: Lessons in the Clinic. 35. Implications of Long COVID for the Global Health Care System Section 8: The Vaccines Introduction 36. COVID-19: The Vaccine Development Strategies 37. mRNA vaccines: The New Frontier 38. Covid-19 vaccines: A Comprehensive review of Safety and Efficacy Section 9: Handling the Spread: Public Health and Social Measures Introduction 39. Lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic 40. Efficacy of Facial masks against COVID-19 41. Vaccination Policies 42. Navigating the Impact of COVID-19 School Closures on Child Health, Education, and Society: A Call to Embrace Civil Discourse Across Identities, Sectors, and Disciplines 43. The Effect of the Pandemic on Care for Other Health Conditions 44. The role of smartphone-assisted tools for Covid-19 diagnostic, treatment, and quarantine Section 10: From the Editors’ desk 45. What have we learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic?