Robotics in Neurosurgery

Jorge Alvaro Gonzalez Martinez, MD, PhDProfessor of Neurological Surgery and NeurologyDirector, Epilepsy and Movement Disorder CenterCo-Director, Epilepsy Center University of Pittsburgh200 Lothrop Street, 4th floorPittsburgh, PA. 15253878-7870349gonzalezjo@upmc.edu
Francesco Cardinale, MD"Claudio Munari" Center for Epilepsy SurgeryASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda - MilanoPiazza Ospedale Maggiore 3 - 20162 - Milano - ItalyEmail addresses:Work: francesco.cardinale@ospedaleniguarda.itHome: cico1965@icloud.com

Part I - General Principles.- 1. Robotics in Neurosurgery: Overture.- 2. Historical Perspectives.- 3. General principles of robotics.- 4. Image Guidance for Intracranial Surgery with Supervisory-Control Robots.- Part II - Robot Assisted Neurosurgery: Clinical Applications.- 5. Robotics in Functional Neurosurgery.- 6. Robotics in Epilepsy Surgery.- 7. Robotic SEEG-guided radiofrequency thermal ablation.- 8. Robotics in Laser Ablation Procedures.- 9. Nuances of Robotics Applied in Children.- 10. Robotic Assisted Endoscopy.- 11. Robot-assisted stereotactic biopsy.- 12. Robot-assisted drug delivery to the brain.- 13. Robotics in Radiosurgery.- 14. Robotic Navigated Laser Craniotomy: Current applications and future developments..- 15. Small footprint stereotactic robotic devices.- 16. Robotics in Spine Procedures.- Part III - Rehabilitation and Assistive Robots.- 17. Rehabilitation and assistive robotics: shared principles and common applications.- 18. A brief summary of the article: "An exoskeleton controlled by an epidural wireless brain-machine interface in a tetraplegic patient: a proof-of-concept demonstration".- Part IV - Special Topics.- 19. Robotics in Neurosurgical Training.