The Achilles Tendon

Samuel B. Adams Jr., MD, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

I. General Considerations for the Achilles Tendon.- 1. Anatomy and Pathology of the Achilles Tendon: Tendonitis, Tendinitis, or Tendinopathy, Which Is It?.- 2. Physical Examination and Imaging of the Achilles Tendon.- 3. The Effect of the Plantaris Tendon on Achilles Tendinopathy.- 4. Summary of Data Comparing Nonoperative, Open, and Minimally Invasive Treatment of Achilles Tendon Tears.- 5. Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Achilles Tendon Tears.- II. Acute Injuries of the Achilles Tendon.- 6. Ruptures of the Medial Gastrocnemious Tendon (Tennis Leg).- 7. Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Surgery for Acute Achilles Tendon Tears.- 8. Minimally Invasive Treatment of Achilles Tendon Tears.- 9. Traditional Open Repair of Achilles Tendon Tears.- 10. Management of Achilles Tendon Tears in Athletes.- 11. Achilles Tendon Sleeve Avulsion Injuries: Diagnosis and Management.- 12. Rehabilitation of Achilles Tendon Tears (Operative and Nonoperative).- III. Chronic Tendinopathy of the Achilles Tendon.- 13. Nonoperative Management of Insertional and Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy.- 14. Tendinoscopy of Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy.- 15. Open Debridement of Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy.- 16. Operative Management of Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy.- IV. Management of Acute and Chronic Achilles Complications.- 17. Reconstruction of Chronic Achilles Tendon Ruptures.- 18. Soft Tissue Reconstruction of Achilles Tendon Associated Wounds.- 19. Orthobiologic Augmentation of Achilles Tendinitis and Tendon Repairs.