Understanding Immunology

Contents



Preface

Acknowledgements



1 The threat of the body: the role and requirements of the immune system

1.1 The role and complexity of the immune system

1.2 Types of pathogen and how they differ

1.3 Disease production by pathogens

1.4 Conclusion

1.5 Summary

2 The immediate response to infection: innate immunity and the
inflammatory response

2.1 The response to infection

2.2 The immediate response to infection -- the innate immune system

2.3 Cytokines

2.4 The inflammatory response and cell migration

2.5 Cell migration

2.6 The inflammatory response

2.7 The acute phase response

2.8 Opsonins and phagocytosis

2.9 Interferons and natural killers

2.10 Summary

3 Specific immune recognition: the antibody molecule

3.1 Introduction to the specific immune system

3.2 Antibody structure

3.3 Recognition by antibody -- antigens and epitopes

3.4 Antibody classes

3.5 Antibody can be secreted or expressed on the cell surface of B lymphocytes

3.6 Summary

4 T lymphocytes and MHC-associated recognition of antigen

4.1 Overview of T lymphocyte subsets

4.2 The T cell receptor for antigen

4.3 The major histocompatibility complex

4.4 Recognition of antigen by T cells

4.5 Antigen processing and presentation by MHC molecules

4.6 Summary

5 Generation of diversity: how do T and B cells generate so many
different variants of their antigen receptors?

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The relationship between Ig and TcR genes and the proteins produced

5.3 Rearrangement of receptor genes in B and T cells

5.4 Summary

6 Anatomy of the immune system

6.1 Requirements of the immune system in vivo

6.2 The types of immune response

6.3 Anatomy of the lymphoid system

6.4 Lymphocyte recirculation

6.5 Summary

7 Cellular and anatomical aspects of antibody production

7.1 Overview of antibody production

7.2 Activation of CD4 T lymphocytes

7.3 Stimulation of B-cells by antigen and their interaction with helper Th (2-4 days after antigen)

7.4 Formation of germinal centres (4-14 days after antigen)

7.5 MALT and the production of IgA

7.6 Summary

8 Effector mechanisms: dealing with pathogens in vivo (1) Antibody-mediated responses

8.1 Humoral and cell-mediated immunity

8.2 Antibody-mediated effector responses

8.3 Neutralisation by antibody

8.4 Agglutination

8.5 Phagocytosis and killing

8.6 Complement

8.7 Antibody, complement and the opsonisation of microbes

8.8 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity (ADCC)

8.9 Summary

9 Effector mechanisms: dealing with pathogens in vivo (2) Cell-mediated immunity

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Cytotoxic T cells

9.3 Delayed-type hypersensitivity

9.4 Different effector responses have different costs to the hosts

9.5 Two major types of helper CD4 T cells

9.6 Summary

10 Immunological memory and vaccination

10.1 Immunological memory

10.2 Vaccines

10.3 Summary

11 Lymphocyte development and immunological tolerance

11.1 Why must lymphocytes be produced continually?

11.2 The production of lymphocytes: lymphopoiesis

11.3 Production of B lymphocytes

11.4 Production of T lymphocytes

11.5 Peripheral tolerance in T cells

11.6 Summary

12 Autoimmune diseases

12.1 Definition and terminology of autoimmune disease

12.2 Spectrum and clinical burden of autoimmune diseases

12.3 Immunological features of autoimmune diseases

12.4 Aetiology of autoimmune disease

12.5 Loss of immunological tolerance

12.6 Summary

13 Allergy and other hypersensitivities

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Type I hypersensitivity (allergy)

13.3 Clinical symptoms of allergy

13.4 Testing for allergy

13.5 Epidemiology of allergy

13.6 Why have IgE?

13.7 Treatment of allergy

13.8 Type II hypersensitivity

13.9 Type III hypersensitivity

13.10 Differences between type II and type III hypersensitivity

13.11 Contact hypersensitivity

13.12 Summary

14 AIDS

14.1 History and incidence of AIDS

14.2 The human immunodeficiency virus

14.3 Clinical course of HIV infection

14.4 Immunological events associated with HIV infection

14.5 Chemotherapy of HIV

14.6 HIV vaccines

14.7 Summary

15 Manipulating the immune system: vaccination, transplantation and tumours

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Transplantation

15.3 Using the immune system against tumours

15.4 Summary



Index