Untangling the Thread of Racism

Maria Trent, MD, MPH, FSAHM, FAAP is a Bloomberg Professor of American Health, Pediatrics, and Nursing at the Johns Hopkins University and the Senior Associate Dean of Diversity and Inclusive Excellence for Johns Hopkins Medicine. She also directs the Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine and the Adolescent Health Research Training Program within the Department of Pediatrics. She is an independent scientist with a substantial publication record focused on addressing health disparities in youth and is the principal or key investigator of multiple research projects funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other funding agencies. Dr Trent currently serves on the board of directors for several non-profit organizations and the editorial board of JAMA Pediatrics. She is the past president of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and former Chair of the Section on Adolescent Health for the American Academy of Pediatrics. In her service to the AAP, she was a lead author of the transformative policy statement "The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health." Danielle G. Dooley MD, MPhil, FAAP is a general pediatrician at Children’s National Hospital and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences. She serves as the Medical Director of Community Affairs and Population Health in the Child Health Advocacy Institute at Children’s National. Her work with the AAP includes serving as Chair of the National Nominating Committee and  coauthoring the transformative policy statement, "The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health." Jacqueline DougÉ MD, MPH, FAAP is a general pediatrician and public health practitioner. She has held numerous roles in the health sector, including practicing clinically and serving as Deputy Health Officer of the Frederick County Health Department and as the Child Health Bureau Director at the Howard County Health Department, both located in Maryland. Presently, she is an Assistant Professor of Public Health at Hood College's Department of Nursing. She has a deep passion for expanding healthcare access and addressing maternal and child health disparities. Her work has included implementing school-based telemedicine, school-based mental health services, and innovative school-based sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and contraception programs to improve healthcare accessibility and address disparities. She has also served on the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Council on Community Pediatrics Prevention and Public Health Special Interest Group as co-chair, as a member of the Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion, a member of the AAP News Editorial Board, and as a co-author of the transformative policy statement, "The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health.

Part I. Framing the Issues
1. Moving Toward Health Equity
Jacqueline DougÉ, MD, MPH; Gerri Mattson MD, MSPH
2. Social Determinants of Health and the Invisible Ubiquity of Racism: A Driving Force of Health Inequities and the Way Forward
Rachel L. J. Thornton, MD, PhD
3. Implicit and Explicit Biases and the Pediatric Health Professional
Tiffani J. Johnson, MD, MSc
4. How Adults Can Promote Positive Racial-Ethnic Identities in the Context of Structural Racism
Diane L. Hughes, PhD, Valerie Adams-Bass, PhD
5. Understanding Racism and Adolescence
Anisha Abraham, MD, MPH and Maria Trent, MD, MPH

Part II. Intersections of Racism and Health for Children and Adolescents
Section I. Population-Specific Issues
6. Considering Multiracial Youths: Identity Challenges and Health Outcomes
Brenda Straka, PhD; Sarah Gaither, PhD
7. Treaties, Public Health Service, and Health Status of Native American Children, Adolescents and Young Adults  
Joseph Burns, MD; Allison Empey, MD
8. The Model Minority Myth
Y. Joel Wong, PhD; Jonathan Kang, MS
9. T 
Nadia Dowshen, MD, MSHP; Renata Arrington-Sanders, MD, MPH, ScM
10. The Intersection of Racism, Immigration, and Child Health
Diana Montoya-Williams, MD MSHP; Julie M. Linton, MD; Olanrewaju Falusi, MD, MEd
11. Neurodevelopmental Disorders and the Impact of Racism
Adiaha Spinks-Franklin, MD, MPH; Shruti Mittal, MD; Silvia Pereira-Smith, MD; Nathaniel Savio Beers, MD, MPA
12. Addressing the Impact of Racism on the Mental Health of Youth: A Focus on Pediatric Health Professionals and Collaborators
Alfiee Breland-Noble, Ph.D., MHSc; Bridget E. Weller, Ph.D.; Akilah Patterson, MPH; Riana Elyse Anderson, Ph.D.
13. Substance Use Policy and Practice
Hoover Adger, Jr., MD, MPH, MBA; J. Deanna Wilson, MD, MPH
14. Reproductive Justice-Informed Care for STIs, Contraception, and Abortion in Pediatrics
J’Mag Karbeah, PhD, MPH; Asha Hassan, MPH; Rachel Hardeman, PhD, MPH

Section II.  Community Experiences of Racism
15.  The Role of Racism in Child and Adolescent Injuries
Benjamin D. Hoffman MD
16. The Impact of Racism on Education
Danielle G. Dooley, MD, MPhil; Desiree de la Torre, MPH, MBA; Tonya Vidal Kinlow, MPA; Gabrina Dixon, MD, MEd
17. Impact of Interactions with Law Enforcement on the Health of Racially Minoritized Youths
Monique Jindal, MD, MPH, FACP, FAAP; Alexandra M.S. Corley, MD, MPH, FAAP
18. Juvenile Justice
Mikah Owen, MD and Stephenie Wallace MD
19. Environmental Justice
Jerome A. Paulson, MD; Bethany Carlos, MD, MPH

Part III. Optimizing Anti-racism in Practice
Section I. Clinical Practice
20. Using Racial Equity Policy Tools to Further Anti-racism in Pediatrics
Nia Heard-Garris, MD, MSc; Nevin J. Heard, PhD, NCC
21. Culturally Congruent Strategies to Build the Pediatric Health Workforce
Harolyn M.E. Belcher, MD, MHS; Marie V. Plaisime, PhD, MPH; Carmel D. Bogle, MD
22. Book Sharing and Children’s Literature as a Strategy for Facilitating Conversations on Race
Dipesh Navsaria, MPH, MSLIS, MD
23. Talking with White Children and Adolescents About Racism
Margaret A. Hagerman, PhD; Megan R. Underhill, PhD
24. Racial Trauma and Trauma-Informed Practice
Camille A. Broussard, MD, MPH and Nia I. Bodrick, MD, MPH
25. Why #RepresentationMatters in Media
Nusheen Ameenuddin, MD, MPH, MPA
26. Positive Youth Development as an Anti-racist Strategy
Merrian J. Brooks DO, MS; Daniela I. Brissett, MD; Kenneth R. Ginsburg, MD, MS Ed
27. The Role of Pediatric Health Professionals in Promoting Equity and Child Development
Joannie Yeh, MD
28. Helping Minoritized Youths Resist Racism
Janie Victoria Ward, EdD, MEd

Section II. Organization/Systems
29. Best Practices in Diversity Management
Joy A. Lewis, MSW, MPH and Rhodora F. Osborn, JD, LLM
30. Role of Quality and Safety in Furthering Health Equity
Julia M. Kim, MD, MPH; Meghan Drayton Jackson, DO, MBOE, CPPS; and Rahul Shah, MD, MBA
31. Achieving Equity for Opportunity Youth
Kristin Mmari, DrPH, MA and Vanya Jones, PhD, MPH
32. Pediatric and Adolescent Research on Race and Racism
Tamera Coyne-Beasley, MD, MPH and Maria Veronica Svetaz, MD, MPH

Section III. Public Health, Policy, and Advocacy
33. Child Health Advocacy and Anti-racism
Jean L. Raphael, MD, MPH; Lee S. Beers, MD
34. Public Health: Disparities and Inequities in Your Community
Joshua Sharfstein, MD; Michelle Spencer, MS
35. Summary
Maria Trent, MD, MPH; Danielle G. Dooley, MD, MPhil; Jacqueline DougÉ, MD, MPH