Pickwell's Binocular Vision Anomalies

PART I INVESTIGATION: Nature of binocular vision anomalies: Introduction; Comitancy; Classification of heterophoria; Classification of strabismus; Importance of classification; Binocular vision in routine eye examination: Preliminary details; History and symptoms; Acuity or unaided vision; Motor investigation; External and ophthalmoscopic examinations; Retinoscopy and subjective refraction; Measurement and assessment of deviation; Examination of young children: Objectives; Active pathology; Development of vision; Examination; Management; PART II HETEROPHORIA: Evaluation of heterophoria: Factors affecting compensation; Diagnosis of decompensated heterophoria; Binocular instability: Historical perspective; Investigation; Evaluation; Management; Summary of the diagnosis of decompensated heterophoria and binocular instability; Management of heterophoria: basic principles: Removal of cause of decompensation; Refractive correction; Orthoptic treatment; Prism relief; Referral; Esophoric conditions: Divergence weakness esophoria; Convergence excess esophoria; Exophoric conditions: Basic and convergence weakness exophoria; Divergence excess; Convergence in sufficiency; Hyperphoria: Secondary hyperphoria; Primary hyperphoria; Cyclophoria; Orthoptic exercises for heterophoria: Development of fusional reserves and relative accommodation; General coordination and convergence exercises; Exercises for treatment of central suppression; Anisometropia and aniseikonia: Prismatic effects; Aniseikonia due to spectacle magnification differences; Other types of aniseikonia; PART III STRABISMUS: Overview of sensory changes in strabismus: Binocular sensory changes in strabismus; Monocular sensory changes in strabismus; Amblyopia and eccentric fixation: Amblyopia; Eccentric fixation; Evaluation, prognosis and management; Techniques in the investigation and treatment of concomitant strabismus: The investigation of binocular sensory status in strabismus; The evaluation and management of suppression; The evaluation and management of HA