Prenatal and Postnatal Care

Karen Trister Grace, CNM, PhD, FACNM, is Assistant Professor at the School of Nursing, George Mason University, Virginia, USA. She has over twenty years’ experience as a midwife, and her research focuses on pregnancy intention and reproductive coercion. Cindy L. Farley, CNM, PhD, FACNM, is a Professor of Nurse-Midwifery at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. She also serves on the board of the Cincinnati Birth Center and as a legal expert on cases involving midwifery regulation and clinical care. Her research focuses on midwifery student confidence for supporting physiologic birth. Noelene K. Jeffers, CNM, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Maryland, USA. She has been a practicing nurse-midwife for over a decade, and her research focuses on the structural and social determinants of Black perinatal health. She also serves on the board of directors of the National Association to Advance Black Birth. Tanya Tringali, CNM, MS, earned a BSN from New York University in 2003 and her MS in Midwifery from Philadelphia University in 2007 where she joined the faculty a year later. Currently, she serves as adjunct faculty at NYU and Georgetown University. She practiced full scope midwifery in and around New York City until 2018 when she created Mother Wit Maternity & Consulting Services providing virtual midwifery care and wellness options to people navigating the perinatal period. She is a National Academy of Sports Medicine certified personal trainer, CrossFit Level 1, and Pregnancy & Postpartum Athleticism Coach, working diligently to provide clients and clinicians with the information, evidence and tools needed to help people stay active during throughout the perinatal period.

About the EditorsContributorsPrefaceAbout the Companion WebsitePart I: Foundational Approaches to Prenatal and Postnatal Care1 Health EquityNoelene K. Jeffers and Karen Trister Grace2 Ethics in Perinatal CareMary B. Donnelly3 Reproductive Tract Structure and FunctionLuVerda Sayles Martin4 Conception, Implantation, and Embryonic and Fetal DevelopmentLuVerda Sayles Martin5 Physiologic Alterations during PregnancyElla T. Heitzler6 Physiologic Alterations during the Postnatal PeriodCindy L. Farley and Tanya TringaliPart II: Preconception, Prenatal Care, and Postnatal Care7 Preconception and Interconception CareCynthia Nypaver8 Prenatal Care: Goals, Structure, and ComponentsEmma Clark9 Nutrition during PregnancyRhea Williams10 Pregnancy Diagnosis and Gestational Age AssessmentJoyce D. Cappiello and Janet L. Engstrom11 Risk Assessment during PregnancyRobin G. Jordan12 Prenatal UltrasoundJenna Shaw-Battista13 Genetic Counseling, Screening, and DiagnosisAishwarya Arjunan and Susan Hancock14 Assessment of Fetal Well-BeingJenifer Fahey15 Common Discomforts of PregnancyRobin G. Jordan and Anne Cockerham16 Oral HealthJulia Lange Kessler17 Medication Use during PregnancyKatie McDevitt18 Substance Use during PregnancySigny Toquinto19 Culture and CommunityCindy L. Farley and Raven Fulton20 Physical Activity & Exercise in the Perinatal PeriodMeghan Garland & Tanya Tringali21 SexualityJenna Benyounes & Tanya Tringali22 Occupational and Environmental Health in PregnancyKatie Huffling23 Psychosocial Adaptations in PregnancyCindy L. Farley24 Health Education during PregnancyKathlyn Albert, Lisa Hanson, and Emily Malloy25 Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Care of LGBTQ+ IndividualsSigney Olson and Katie DePalma26 Violence and Trauma in the Perinatal PeriodKaren Trister Grace27 Planning for Physiologic BirthCarrie E. Neerland, Melissa D. Avery28 Triage during PregnancyCatherine Ruhl29 Assessment and Care at the Onset of LaborAmy Marowitz30 Components of Postnatal CareTia P. Andrighetti and Judy Butler31 Lactation and BreastfeedingMarsha Walker32 Contraception in the Postnatal PeriodKatie DailyPart III: Complex Prenatal and Postnatal Conditions33 Bleeding during PregnancySascha James-Conterelli34 Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Growth DisordersVictoria H. Burslem and Cindy L. Farley35 Spontaneous Preterm BirthEsther Ellsworth Bowers36 Hypertensive Disorders of PregnancyMelissa Kitzman37 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)Kimberly K. Trout38 Multifetal GestationHeather M. Bradford39 Post-Term PregnancyHeather M. Bradford40 Hyperemesis GravidarumElla Heitzler and Jennifer Wolfe41 Abdominal PainKaren Trister Grace42 Pregnancy after InfertilityMelicia Escobar & Ebony Marcelle43 Common Complications during the Postnatal PeriodDeborah Brandt Karsnitz & Linda McDaniel44 Common Lactation and Breastfeeding ProblemsMarsha Walker45 Perinatal Loss and GriefRobin G. Jordan and Holly White46 Obesity in the Perinatal PeriodCecilia M. Jevitt47 Mood and Anxiety DisordersLatrice Martin48 Hematologic and Thromboembolic DisordersKatie Daily49 Respiratory DisordersLisa Hachey and Cynthia Nypaver50 Urinary Tract DisordersNancy Pesta Walsh and Rhonda Arthur51 Gastrointestinal DisordersDebora M. Dole52 Endocrine DisordersElizabeth Gabzdyl53 Neurological DisordersLise Hauser54 Dermatologic DisordersNell L. Tharpe55 Infectious DiseasesLisa Noguchi56 Sexually Transmitted Infections and VaginitisGina M. Fullbright