Imaging of the Shoulder

In the diagnosis and evaluation of musculoskeletal (msk) diseases such inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint diseases, high resolution musculoskeletal ultrasound (hrMSUS or MSUS) is a superb, precise, and validated method.Many soft-tissue structures can be seen using high resolution musculoskeletal ultrasonography, and depending on the tissue under investigation, msus can also identify a variety of pathologic alterations employing mostly linear scan probes with frequencies ranging from 5 MHz to 24 MHz (up to 70 MHz when examining entheses, nails or the skin).Msk structures are assessed dynamically in real-time and static with the advantage of a multiplanar view.Msus is a helpful instrument for directed interventions at the msk system as well.This method has some limitations, including limited acoustic windows, difficulty detecting diseases in deep or large joints, a small field of vision, and a significant operator dependence.Attending theoretical and practical seminars, as well as individual research using books, websites, or social media, all qualify as training.Consolidating msus knowledge requires the use of high-quality ultrasound equipment and the performance of supervised normal and abnormal msus examinations throughout a training phase.The first focus of this textbook and atlas is to demonstrate a standardized ultrasound examination of the shoulder enhanced with basic anatomical (MRI-, CT-Scans; cadaver models) and arthroscopic images. The second focus is a thorough pictorial atlas of selected basic and advanced ultrasound pathologies.Giorgio TamborriniBasel, 2023