Radiology Illustrated: Nutcracker Phenomenon and Nutcracker Syndrome

Seung Hyup Kim, M.D., Ph.D., is currently Professor Emeritus of Radiology and Urology at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.  Dr. Kim received his M.D. in 1979, his master’s degree in 1982, and his Ph.D. in 1988 at Seoul National University (SNU). He completed his internship and residency at the Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) and became a board-certified radiologist in 1983. After his military service, he became an instructor in radiology at the SNU in 1987, spent one year as a visiting radiologist at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and advanced through the academic standings to become a professor of radiology, a professor of urology, and Associate Dean of SNU (2002–2004). Dr. Kim served as the Chair of the Department of Radiology for 2 years (2008–2010) and Vice President of the SNUH for 3 years (2010–2013).  Dr. Kim was the Secretary General of the 11th Congress of the World Federation for Ultrasound inMedicine and Biology (WFUMB 2006 Seoul). He was one of the key members in upgrading the Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (KSUM) and transforming the KSUM annual congress to an international one with the slogan of “KSUM Open,” adopting English as the language of the congress. From the year 2001, he contributed to the Asian Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (AFSUMB) as a council member, treasurer, secretary, and president (2012–2014). In WFUMB, he has contributed as a councilor, vice president, and chair and as a member of various committees. From September 2019 to May 2021, he served as the President of WFUMB The main subspecialty of Dr. Kim is urogenital imaging and intervention, and he has 401 publications and 11 monographs to his credit. His main works are Radiology Illustrated: Uroradiology and Radiology Illustrated: Gynecologic Imaging.

1 Introduction.- 2  Nutcracker Phenomenon (NCP) and Nutcracker Syndrome (NCS).- 3 Prevalence of NCP and NCS.- 4 Left Renal Vein (LRV).- 5 Diagnostic Techniques and Criteria.- 6 Doppler Ultrasound.- 7 CT and MRI Findings.- 8 Subtypes of NCP and NCS.- 9 NCP associated with Congenital Variations of LRV and IVC.- 10 Postural Variations of NCP and NCS.- 11 Other Variations of NCP and NCS.- 12 Severe NCP, Occlusion of LRV.- 13 NCP and NCS in Members of the Same Family.- 14 NCP-related or associated diseases.- 15 Management of NCS.- 16 Asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria.