A History of Vaccines and their Opponents

Ian R. Tizard, BVMS, BSc, PhD, DSc (Hons), DACVM, is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Microbiologists and a University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Texas Veterinary Medical Center at Texas A &M University (TAMU), College Station, Texas, USA. Dr. Tizard earned his Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1965. He then completed a Bachelor of Science in Pathology and a PhD in Immunology. After completing his studies, Dr. Tizard became a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Guelph, where he remained as a professor until 1982 when he moved to TAMU. Dr. Tizard wrote the first standardized textbook on Veterinary Immunology in 1977. This text, now in its 11th edition, is used worldwide, and has played a major role in establishing Immunology among the key disciplines.

1. How vaccines work 2. Medical science at the beginning of the 18th century 3. Variolation: the early years in Britain and Europe 4. Variolation in New England 5. Variolation and American independence 6. The introduction of vaccination in Britain and Europe 7. The introduction of vaccination to America 8. Making vaccination compulsory in Britain and Europe 9. Vaccine mandates in the United States 10. Anti-inoculation and anti-vaccination riots 11. The Supreme Court weighs in 12. The rise of anti-vaccine societies in Britain 13. Anti-vaccination movements in the United States and Canada 14. Medical liberty and vaccination 15. Developments and dead ends in immunology 16. Antibacterial vaccines and their opponents 17. Polio vaccines and their opponents 18. Measles, mumps, and rubella: three contentious virus diseases 19. Safety and sexual promiscuity: hepatitis B, human papilloma virus, and influenza vaccines 20. COVID-19: politics and disinformation 21. Religious objections to vaccination 22. Rational hesitancy: situations where hesitancy is and was appropriate