Orthopaedic Knowledge Update®: 14

Section 1: General Topics

SECTION EDITOR:
William M. Mihalko, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 1
Orthopaedic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Vinod Dasa, MD, FAAOS
Raveendhara R. Bannuru, MD, PhD
Jessica C. Rivera, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 2
Biostatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Melissa Orr, BS
Nicolas S. Piuzzi, MD
Chapter 3
Orthopaedic Patient Safety: Core
Competencies and Communication
Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Aaron M. Baessler, MD
Thomas W. Throckmorton, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 4
Regulation of Orthopaedic Products . . . 33
Veronica Fleck, MS, RAC
Mehdi Kazemzadeh- Narbat, PhD, PMP, CQA
Samuel Pollard, RAC
S. Raymond Golish, MD, PhD, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 5
Health Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Mohamed E. Awad, MD, MBA
Khaled J. Saleh, MD, MPH, MHCM (Harv), FRCSC, CPE
Chapter 6
Preoperative Evaluation and
Postoperative Care of the
Orthopaedic Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ian M. Duensing, MD
James A. Browne, MD
Chapter 7
Coagulation and Blood
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
William G. Hamilton, MD, FAAOS
Sean E. Slaven, MD
Chapter 8
Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and
Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Kenneth L. Urish, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Gregory S. Lewis, PhD
Eni Halilaj, PhD
Chapter 9
Musculoskeletal Imaging
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
John A. deVries, MD, MS
Narayan Sundaram, MD, MBA
Rex Haydon, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 10
Patient Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Frank Johannes Plate, MD, PhD
Andrew M. Schwartz, MD
Thorsten M. Seyler, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 11
New Technology in Orthopaedic
Surgery: Robotics, Artificial
Intelligence, and Machine
Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Hani Haider, PhD
Beau J. Kildow, MD
CONTENTSSection 2: Translational Science
and Emerging Technologies
SECTION EDITOR:
Francis Young-In Lee, MD, PhD, Hon MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 12
Structure and Biology of Normal
and Diseased Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
David Clever, MD, PhD
Cecilia Pascual- Garrido, MD, PhD
Regis O’Keefe, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 13
Biomaterials and Implants: Regenerative
Engineering Approaches for
Orthopaedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Samuel J. Laurencin, MD, PhD
Wayne Cohen- Levy, MD, MS
Chapter 14
Musculoskeletal Mechanics and
Kinesiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Christian Klemt, PhD
Young- Min Kwon, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 15
Normal and Abnormal Fracture
Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Francis Y. Lee, MD, PhD, Hon MBA, FAAOS
Hicham Drissi, PhD
Chapter 16
Articular Cartilage Biology,
Osteoarthritis, Biologics, and Stem
Cell Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Karin A. Payne, PhD
Lacey Favazzo, PhD
Michael Zuscik, PhD
Chapter 17
Muscle and Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . 209
Qingnian Goh, PhD
Roger Cornwall, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 18
Orthopaedic Infections and
Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
James E. Cassat, MD, PhD
Chapter 19
Applications of Three- Dimensional
Technologies in Orthopaedic
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Daniel H. Wiznia, MD, FAAOS
Lisa Lattanza, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 20
Inflammation and Immunology . . . . . 243
Benjamin F. Ricciardi, MD, FAAOS
Edward M. Schwarz, PhD
Section 3: Trauma
SECTION EDITOR:
Jonah Hebert- Davies, MD, FRCSC, FAAOS
Chapter 21
Polytrauma Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Milton T. M. Little, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Geoffrey S. Marecek, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 22
Management of Open Fractures . . . . 273
Kevin J. Perry, MD, DPT
Matthew R. Garner, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 23
Upper Extremity Trauma . . . . . . . . . . 283
Mara Schenker, MD, FAAOS
Michael McDonald, DO
Thomas Moore Jr, MD
Chapter 24
Lower Extremity Trauma . . . . . . . . . . 295
Augustine M. Saiz Jr, MD
Ryan Mayer, MD
Timothy Achor, MD, FAAOSChapter 25
Pelvic Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
L. Henry Goodnough, MD, PhD
Conor P. Kleweno, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 26
Spinal Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Sreeharsha V. Nandyala, MD
Nicholas T. Spina, MD
Section 4: Shoulder
SECTION EDITOR:
Bradford O. Parsons, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 27
Shoulder Anatomy, Biomechanics,
Clinical Evaluation, and Imaging . . . . 337
Alicia K. Harrison, MD, FAAOS
Michael L. Knudsen, MD
Chapter 28
Rotator Cuff Disease, Calcific
Tendinitis, Adhesive Capsulitis,
Throwing Shoulder, and Instability . . . 349
Kevin J. Cronin, MD, MS
Surena Namdari, MD, MSc, FAAOS
Chapter 29
Shoulder Arthritis and
Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Melissa A. Wright, MD
Anand M. Murthi, MD, FAAOS
Section 5: Elbow
SECTION EDITOR:
Aaron M. Chamberlain, MD, MSc, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 30
Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical
Examination, and Imaging of the
Elbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Benjamin Zmistowski, MD
Chapter 31
Elbow Degenerative Conditions
and Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Robert L. Brochin, MD
Joseph F. Styron, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Jason C. Ho, MD
Chapter 32
Tendinopathy, Throwing Injuries, and
Elbow Ligament Reconstruction . . . . 403
Noah J. Quinlan, MD
Peter N. Chalmers, MD, FAAOS
Section 6: Hand and Wrist
SECTION EDITORS:
Jeffrey G. Stepan, MD, MSc
Martin I. Boyer, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 33
Anatomy, Clinical Examination, and
Imaging of the Hand and Wrist . . . . . 425
Martin I. Boyer, MD, FAAOS
Jeffrey G. Stepan, MD, MSc
Chapter 34
Bone and Soft- Tissue Infections and
Vascular Conditions of the Hand
and Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Bilal Mahmood, MD
Warren C. Hammert, MD
Chapter 35
Neuropathies and Hand Arthritis . . . 441
Jeffrey G. Stepan, MD, Msc
Christina M. Nypaver Cebulko, MD
Chapter 36
Ligament Injuries of the Wrist . . . . . . 455
Nichole A. Joslyn, MD
Sanjeev Kakar, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 37
Tendon Injuries and Tendinopathies
of the Hand and Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Kendrick Au, MD, MSc
Nina Suh, MD, FAAOSChapter 38
Hand and Wrist Injuries, Fractures,
and Reconstruction: Microsurgery
and Replantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Abhiram R. Bhashyam, MD, PhD
Jerry I. Huang, MD, FAAOS
Section 7: Hip and Femur
SECTION EDITOR:
Calin Stefan Moucha, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 39
Anatomy and Biomechanics,
Evaluation, Clinical Examination,
and Imaging of the Hip . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Mitchell C. Weiser, MD, MEng, FAAOS
Ferdinand J. Chan, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 40
Early Degenerative Conditions of
the Hip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Erik N. Hansen, MD, FAAOS
Stephanie E. Wong, MD
Ishaan Swarup, MD
Chapter 41
Muscular, Neurovascular, and
Soft- Tissue Conditions of the Hip . . . 521
Blair S. Ashley, MD
Yale A. Fillingham, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 42
End- Stage Hip Degeneration and
Hip Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Brett L. Hayden, MD
Darwin Chen, MD, FAAOS
Section 8: Knee
SECTION EDITORS:
Sabrina Strickland, MD, FAAOS
Beth Shubin Stein, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 43
Ligament Injuries to the Knee . . . . . . 547
Jacqueline M. Brady, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 44
Articular Cartilage of the Knee:
Defects, Degeneration, and
Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Cassandra A. Lee, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 45
Meniscal Pathology, Repair, and
Transplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Jocelyn Wittstein, MD, FAAOS
Kendall Bradley, MD
Alison Toth, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 46
Knee Arthritis and Reconstruction . . 579
Vonda J. Wright, MD, MS, FAAOS
Elizabeth B. Gausden, MD, MPH, FAAOS
Section 9: Foot and Ankle
SECTION EDITORS:
David Joseph Ciufo, MD
Kenneth J. Hunt, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 47
Foot and Ankle Anatomy and
Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Marissa D. Jamieson, MD
T. Jay Kleeman, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 48
Degenerative Conditions and
Osteonecrosis of the Foot and
Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Jensen K. Henry, MD
Constantine A. Demetracopoulos, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 49
The Diabetic Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Bonnie Y. Chien, MD
Lew C. Schon, MD, FAAOS
Eric W. Tan, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 50
Foot and Ankle Reconstruction . . . . . 625
Meghan Kelly, MD, PhDSection 10: Spine
SECTION EDITOR:
Wesley H. Bronson, MD, MS
Chapter 51
Spine Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Samuel K. Cho, MD, FAAOS
David A. Weiner, MD
Jonathan Lee, MD
Chapter 52
Spine Evaluation, Clinical
Examination, and Imaging . . . . . . . . . 659
Themistocles S. Protopsaltis, MD, FAAOS
Karan S. Patel, MD
Chapter 53
Cervical Degenerative Conditions . . . 669
Jose A. Canseco, MD, PhD
Brian A. Karamian, MD
Gregory R. Toci, MD
Alan S. Hilibrand, MD, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 54
Thoracolumbar Conditions . . . . . . . . 679
Srikanth N. Divi, MD
Kamil T. Okroj, MD
Alpesh A. Patel, MD, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 55
Thoracolumbar Minimally Invasive
Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Jason M. Cuéllar, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Neel Anand, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 56
Spinal Column Infections . . . . . . . . . . 705
Barrett Boody, MD
Cristian A. Balcescu, MD
Chapter 57
Current Concepts in Primary Benign,
Primary Malignant, and Metastatic
Tumors of the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Gideon Blumstein, MD, MS
Matthew W. Colman, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Section 11: Pediatrics
SECTION EDITOR:
Jonathan G. Schoenecker, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 58
Pediatric Shoulder, Upper Arm,
and Elbow Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Jessica H. Heyer, MD
Alexandre Arkader, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 59
Pediatric Forearm, Wrist, and Hand
Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Kathleen D. Rickert, MD, FAAOS
Jessica Burns, MD, MPH
Chapter 60
Pediatric Upper Extremity
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Andrea H.W. Chan, MD, MA, FRCSC
Kevin J. Little, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 61
Pediatric Pelvis, Hip, and Femur
Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Stephanie L. Logterman, MD
Keith D. Baldwin, MD, MSPT, MPH, FAAOS
Chapter 62
Pediatric Knee, Lower Extremity,
and Ankle Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Jaime R. Denning, MD, MS, FAAOS
Chapter 63
Pediatric Hip Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Vidyadhar V. Upasani, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Jessica L. Hughes, MD
Chapter 64
Pediatric Lower Extremity and
Foot Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Jill C. Flanagan, MD, FAAOS
Jaclyn F. Hill, MD, FAAOS
Raymond W. Liu, MD, FAAOSChapter 65
Pediatric Athletic Injuries . . . . . . . . . . 847
Eric W. Edmonds, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 66
Pediatric Spine Disorders and
Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Craig R. Louer, MD
R. Carter Clement, MD, MBA
Joshua B. Holt, MD
Chapter 67
Pediatric Skeletal Dysplasias,
Connective Tissue Disorders,
and Other Genetic Conditions . . . . . . 881
W. G. Stuart Mackenzie, MD, FAAOS
Kevin A. Morash, MD, MEd, FRCSC
Jeanne M. Franzone, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 68
Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders . . . 903
Colyn Watkins, MD
Benjamin J. Shore, MD, MPH, FRCSC
Chapter 69
Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infection,
Inflammatory Conditions, and
Nonaccidental Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Stephanie N. Moore- Lotridge, PhD
Nathaniel Lempert, MD
Jonathan G. Schoenecker, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Section 12: Musculoskeletal
Oncology and Pathology
SECTION EDITOR:
Cara A. Cipriano, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 70
Evaluation and Management of
Musculoskeletal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . 931
Anna R. Cooper, MD, MPH, FAAOS
Nicole Montgomery, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 71
Benign Tumors and Tumorlike
Conditions of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Frank E. Chiarappa, MD
James H. Flint, MD, FACS, FAAOS
Chapter 72
Sarcomas of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Alexandra K. Callan, MD
Jesse L. Roberts, MD
Andrew Park, MD
Chapter 73
Metastatic Tumors of Bone . . . . . . . . 977
Eugene S. Jang, MD, MS
Lee Jae Morse, MD
Andrew S. Fang, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 74
Benign Soft- Tissue Tumors and
Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Lisa A. Kafchinski, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 75
Soft- Tissue Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Tae Won B. Kim, MD, CPE, FAAOS
Christina J. Gutowski, MD, MPH, FAAOS
Gord Guo Zhu, MD, PhD
Index 1015