Optical Formulas Tutorial

MATH REVIEW: Review of addition of signed numbers; Review of subtraction of signed numbers; Review of multiplication of signed numbers; Review of division of signed numbers; Rounding; Metric conversions; English-metric conversions; Sine, cosine, tangent; BASIC THEORY OF LIGHT: Overview of theories of light; Properties of waves; Wave formula; Vergence; Photons, rays, pencils, and beams; Illuminance; Absorption, reflection, refraction; Law of reflection; Laws of refraction; Index of refraction; Snell's law; Critical angle; Dispersion and Abbe number; LENSES: Refraction through a lens; Focal length formula; Diopters; Lens surfaces; Lens types; Nominal power formula; Radius of curvature; Surface power formula; The lensmaker's equation; Cylinders, compound lenses; Optical cross; Flat transposition; Cross cylinder transposition; Hand neutralization; Prescription notation; Circle of least confusion; Spherical equivalent; Refractive errors; Power in oblique meridians; Vertex distance and effective power; Compensated power; PRISMS: Prisms definition; Prism power; The lens as a prism; Prentice's rule; Determining overall prismatic effects; ANSI Standards for prism: Z80.1-1995; Splitting prism; Excessive or unwanted prism; Image jump; Anisometropia; Using two different segment styles; Bicentric grinding or slab-off; Vertical imbalance for unlike add powers; Resultant prism; Resolving prism; SURFACING AND FINISHING: Lens and frame measurements; Minimum blank size; Base curves; Toric transposition; True power formula; Sagittal depth and lens thickness; Prism thickness; ADVANCED LENS FORMULAS: Martin's formula for lens tilt; Spectacle magnification; Thompson's formula for obliquely crossed cylinders; Fresnel's equation for reflection; Anti-reflective coatings; Transmission through an absorptive lens; Polarizing filters; Diffraction; Back and front vertex power; IMAGE FORMATION: Image size and placement: mirrors; Image size and placement: thin lenses; Principal planes; Image size and placement: thick lenses; Nodal points;