Basics of PET Imaging

PrefaceChapter 1Radioactive Decay and Interaction of Radiation with MatterAtomic StructureRadioactive DecayGeneral Radioactive Decay EquationsSuccessive Decay EquationsUnits of RadioactivityUnits of Radioactivity in System InternationaleCalculationInteraction of Radiation with Matter Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter Interaction of ( Radiation with Matter Attenuation of ( RadiationsQuestionsReferences and Suggested ReadingChapter 2PET Scanning Systems Background Solid Detectors in PET Photomultiplier Tube Pulse Height Analyzer Arrangement of Detectors PET Scanners Hybrid Scintillation Cameras PET/CT Scanners Small Animal PET Scanner Mobile PETQuestionsReferences and Suggested ReadingChapter 3Data Acquisition and CorrectionsData Acquisition Two-dimensional versus three-dimensional PET/CT data acquisitionFactors Affecting Acquired Data Normalization Photon Attenuation Random Coincidences Scatter Coincidences Dead Time Radial ElongationQuestionsSuggested ReadingChapter 4Image Reconstruction, Storage and DisplaySimple BackprojectionFiltered Backprojection The Convolution Method The Fourier Method Types of FiltersIterative Reconstruction3-D ReconstructionPartial Volume EffectStorageDisplaySoftware and DICOMPACSTeleradiologyQuestionsReferences and Suggested ReadingChapter 5Performance Characteristics of PET ScannersSpatial ResolutionSensitivityNoiseScatter FractionContrastQuality Control of PET Scanners Daily Quality Control Tests Weekly Quality Control TestsAcceptance Tests Spatial Resolution Sensitivity Scatter Fraction Count Rate Losses and Random CoincidencesQuestionsReferences and Suggested ReadingChapter 6Cyclotron and Production of PET RadionuclidesCyclotron OperationTarget and its ProcessingEquation for Production of RadionuclidesSpecific ActivityProduction of Short-lived Positron-emitters Fluorine-18 Carbon-11 Nitrogen-13 Oxygen-15 Iodine-124 Strontium-82 Technetium-94mQuestionsSuggested ReadingChapter 7Synthesis of PET RadiopharmaceuticalsPET Radiopharmaceuticals 18F-Sodium Fluoride 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 6-18F-L-Fluorodopa 18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT) 15O-Water n-15O-Butanol 13N-Ammonia 11C-Sodium Acetate 11C-Flumazenil 11C-Methylspiperone (MSP) 11C-L-Methonine 11C-Raclopride 82Rb-Rubidium ChlorideAutomated Synthesis DevicesQuality Control of PET RadiopharmaceuticalsSpecifications for Routine PET Radiopharmaceuticals 18F-FDG 6-18F-L-Fluorodopa 13N-AmmoniaQuestionsReferences and Suggested ReadingChapter 8Regulations Governing PET RadiopharmaceuticalsFood and Drug Administration Radioactive Drug Research CommitteeRadiation Regulations for PET Radiopharmaceuticals License or Registration Regulations for Radiation ProtectionPrinciples of Radiation Protection Time Distance Shielding Activity Do's and Don'ts in Radiation Protection PracticeDepartment of TransportationDistribution of 18F-FDGQuestionsReferences and Suggested ReadingChapter 9Reimbursement for PET ProceduresBackgroundCoverageCoding CPT, HCPCS and APC Codes ICD-9-CM CodesPayment Hospital Inpatient Services -- Medicare Hospital Outpatient Services -- Medicare Freestanding Imaging Center -- Medicare Non-Medicare Payers -- all settingsBilling Billing ProcessChronology of PET ReimbursementQuestionsReferences and Suggested ReadingChapter 10Design and Cost of PET CenterSite PlanningPassagePET Center PET Scanner Section Cyclotron Section Office AreaCaveatShielding Case StudyCost of PET OperationQuestionsReferences and Suggest ReadingChapter 11Procedures for PET StudiesWhole Body PET Imaging with 18F-FDGWhole Body PET/CT imaging with 18F-FDGMyocardial Perfusion Imaging with 82RbMyocardial Metabolic Imaging with 18F-FDGAddendum 82Rb Infusion PumpAppendix A.Abbreviations Used in the TextAppendix B.Terms Used in the TextAppendix C.Units and ConstantsAppendix D.Estimated Absorbed Doses From Intravenous Administration of 18F-FDG and 82Rb-RbClAppendix E.Evaluation of Tumor Uptake of 18F-FDG by PETAppendix F.Answers to QuestionsIndex