Explaining Judgements on Rule Violations.

Ann De Buck (*1966) is Doctoral Researcher and academic assistant in Criminology (since 2016) at Ghent University, Faculty of Law and Criminology. She is currently working on a doctoral research project, under the supervision of prof. dr. Lieven Pauwels, entitled "Moral emotions and moral cognitions in context: rule-breaking as cooperation failure". Her fields of interest are interdisciplinary theory-testing research, rule-breaking decision strategies, juvenile delinquency, morality. She has written articles in English and Dutch peer-reviewed journals, such as the Journal of Community Psychology, European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Monatsschrift fur Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform, Psychometrica Belgica, the European Journal of Criminology, Panopticon. She aims to finalize her doctoral research project by the end of 2022. Lieven J. R. Pauwels ( Degrees1974) is Professor of Criminology (since 2007) at Ghent University, Faculty of Law and Criminology. He is Director of the Institute for Criminal Policy and Research. He has been conducting theory-testing research for the past 18 years as a junior researcher, post-doc researcher, and since 2007 as a Professor of Criminology. He has written over 100 articles in Dutch, German, and English peer-reviewed Journals. He contributed to a number of Oxford Handbook Series that are relevant for criminology and he published books on Testing Situational Action Theory (2010), Problematic youth Group involvement as a situated choice (2015), and Social Disorganization Theory (2007). He is the author of widely used textbooks (in Dutch) on theories of crime causation and quantitative methods for criminologists. He is a Board member of the European Society of Criminology, the American Society of Criminology, and former president and co-founder of the Flemish Society of Criminology (VVC). His fields of interest are interdisciplinary theoretical integration, the explanation of prosocial and antisocial behavioral strategies, person-environment interactions, rule-breaking decision strategies, juvenile delinquency, and violent extremism.

List of tables and figures 5

Chapter ONE: Introduction and aim of the study 7

Introduction 8

Aim of the present study 10

References 14

Chapter TWO: An evolutionary inspired integrated model: From empathy to moral judgment 21

Introduction 21

An evolutionary inspired perspective 24

Four distinct moral violations 26

Theft by taking 27

Breaking a fairness rule (breaking a promise) 28

Punishing a free-rider 28

Distal and proximal variables 31

Distal variables 32

Proximal variables 41

Integrated model of moral antecedents to moral judgment 47

The relationships between empathy and moral intuitions 49

The relationships between moral intuitions, moral emotion, and moral judgment 50

Participants 61

Written scenarios 62

Diagrams of the scenarios 63

Measures of the key concepts 68

Distal variables 68

Proximal variables 70

Endogenous variables 70

Analytic strategy 71

Structural part of the model 75

References 77

Chapter FOUR: Results 79

Structural part of the model 79

Scenario_1: Theft by taking 81

Scenario_2: Breaking a promise (breaking a fairness rule) 83

Scenario_3: Punishing a free-rider 85

Summary of the major findings 89

Chapter FIVE: Discussion and future research 91

Introduction 91

Strengths, limitations and future directions 93

Conclusion 97

References 99