Synopsis of Hand Surgery (eBook)

1 Anatomy and Approaches

Jessica B. Hawken and Aviram M. Giladi

Abstract

Anatomic considerations are a critical aspect of preoperative planning for all surgical procedures; however, nowhere is it more important than in the hand, wrist, and forearm. The relatively superficial location of critical structures including tendons, nerves, and vessels cannot be underestimated or overlooked. This chapter will review anatomy, incisional considerations, and specific approaches for the hand, wrist, and forearm.

Keywords: Anatomy, approaches, surgical planning, surgical exposures

I. Hand

A. Anatomic Compartments

• Thenar: Median, recurrent motor branch nerve

  • Abductor pollicis brevis

  • Flexor pollicis brevis (deep fibers innervated by deep branch of ulnar nerve)

  • Opponens pollicis

• Adductor: Ulnar nerve

  • Adductor pollicis

• Hypothenar: Ulnar nerve

  • Abductor digiti minimi

  • Flexor digiti minimi

  • Opponens digiti minimi

• Interosseous: Ulnar nerve

  • Dorsal interossei (four)

  • Volar interossei (three)

• Lumbricals: 1st and 2nd median nerves, 3rd and 4th deep branch of ulnar nerve

  • 1st and 2nd are unipennate

  • 3rd and 4th are bipennate

  • These muscles originate on the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons

B. Nerves

• Median

  • Recurrent motor branch

  • Palmar cutaneous branch (branches off the main trunk of the nerve proximal to the carpal tunnel but innervates the palm)

• Ulnar

  • Ulnar motor and ulnar sensory split within Guyon’s canal

C. Vasculature

• Superficial palmar arch—continuation of ulnar artery

  • Common digital arteries to index, middle, ring, and small fingers arise from superficial arch

  • Split into proper palmar digital arteries, supplying ulnar side of index finger as well as ulnar and radial arteries to middle, ring, and small fingers

• Deep palmar arch—continuation of radial artery

  • Princeps pollicis branch supplying thumb

  • Radial-side digital artery of index finger

D. Incisional Considerations

• Volar: Avoid deep creases on digits, cross creases at approximately 90-degree angle (Bruner) with the incision running diagonally across the skin in between creases to avoid contracture.

  • Incisions less than 90 degrees may cause skin necrosis of the corner.

  • Avoid travelling too dorsal/lateral while creating the angle to avoid crossing the neurovascular bundles that could be damaged when elevating the flap.

• Dorsal: Often can use smaller incisions due to mobile nature of skin, can be vertical, horizontal, or curved with appropriate skin bridges.

• Fingers can be approached dorsally, volarly, or midaxially.

  • If midaxial, it is best to place the incision at the junction of the glabrous and non-glabrous skin.

E. Approaches

1. Nail Bed

• The nail bed is exposed by bluntly removing the nail plate from the underlying sterile matrix with a noncutting instrument such as a freer.

• Longitudinal incisions in the eponychial fold can be made at the proximal corners radially or ulnarly to expose the proximal nail bed and germinal matrix (► Fig. 1.1).

2. Interphalangeal Joints

• Dorsal: A variety of incisions can be used, including straight, curved, S-type, H-type, and chevron (► Fig. 1.2).

  • At the distal interphalangeal joint, the germinal matrix is 1 mm distal to the insertion of the extensor tendon, and both are relatively superficial under the skin.

  • The extensor mechanism dictates the approach at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Care should be taken to protect the central slip as it inserts onto the middle phalanx, and the lateral bands.

    • – Dorsal approach between the central slip and the lateral bands.

    • – Lateral exposure to the joint achieved by freeing the lateral bands and retracting them dorsally.

    • – Extensile approach by incising the lateral bands with subsequent repair.

    • – The entire extensor mechanism can be removed via the Chamay approach of a distally based V-shaped flap.

• Volar: Zig-zag (aka Bruner) incision through skin to expose the flexor tendon sheath (► Fig. 1.3).

  • The pulley overlying the joint is incised longitudinally.

    • – Do not incise A2 or A4 pulley whenever possible.

  • The flexor tendons are retracted radially or ulnarly.

  • For more exposure, the split in the superficialis tendon may be carried proximally to allow for more retraction of the profundus tendon.

  • The collateral ligament attachments to the volar plate are incised and the volar plate is mobilized to expose bone.

  • Joint hyperextension exposes articular surfaces.

• Midlateral: Longitudinal incision along midlateral aspect of finger (use the most dorsal aspect of the proximal or distal phalangeal creases as landmarks).

  • The fat overlying the interphalangeal joints is thin; use superficial dissection to avoid incising the joint itself unintentionally.

  • Dissection is carried down the midline of the finger with a slight volar angle.

    • – Neurovascular bundle is contained in the volar flap.

  • The flaps can be elevated to expose volarly or dorsally.

3. Metacarpophalangeal Joints

• Gently curved or straight incision centered over the joint. Radially curve over index finger metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) and ulnarly curve over the small finger MCPJ.

  • Avoid undermining skin when creating curved flaps.

4. Metacarpals

• Palpation identifies the metacarpal shaft and overlying extensor tendons (► Fig. 1.4).

• The initial incision should be superficial and avoid the tendon.

  • Juncturae tendinae may cross the field and should be protected.

  • If approaching two metacarpals, the incision should be placed between the two.

• To approach the metacarpal, the periosteum of the metacarpal is split and lifted radially and ulnarly, elevating the attached interossei muscles with the flap.

II. Wrist/Forearm

A. Anatomic Compartments

• Carpal tunnel

  • Flexor digitorum profundus tendons

  • Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

  • Flexor pollicus longus tendon

  • Median nerve

• Guyon’s canal

  • Ulnar artery

  • Ulnar nerve

• Superficial volar forearm: Median nerve

  • Pronator teres

  • Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)

  • Palmaris longus

  • Flexor carpi ulnaris

  • Flexor digitorum superficialis

• Deep volar: Median nerve

  • Flexor digitorum profundus (one half of the innervation from ulnar nerve)

  • Flexor pollicis longus

  • Pronator quadratus

• Dorsal forearm: Radial nerve

  • Abductor pollicis longus

  • Extensor pollicis brevis

  • Extensor pollicis longus

  • Extensor digitorum communis

  • Extensor indicis proprius

  • Extensor digiti quinti

  • Extensory carpi ulnaris

  • Supinator

• Mobile wad: Radial nerve

  • Brachioradialis

  • Extensor carpi radialis longus

  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis

B. Incisional Considerations

• Wrist flexor crease should be treated as palmar creases; do not cross longitudinally.

C. Approaches

1. Carpal Tunnel

• Fibro-osseous tunnel containing the median nerve and nine flexor tendons.

• Borders: Transverse carpal ligament (roof), carpus (floor), hook ofhamate and pisiform (ulnar), and scaphoid/trapezium (radial).

• The cardinal line of Kaplan is used to determine the distal border of the tunnel.

  • Base of the first web space parallel to proximal palmar crease toward hook of hamate (► Fig. 1.5).

• The location of the distal tip of the fourth metacarpal when flexed to the palm is the longitudinal axis of the incision.

  • Ulnar based incision protects median nerve.

• Incision is carried from the intersection of the longitudinal and perpendicular Cardinal line of Kaplan proximal to the wrist in limited or extensile fashion.

• Dissect through...