Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines

Dr. Virgil E.J.C. Schijns is special guest Professor in Cell Biology & Immunology group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Dr. Schijns received his Ph.D. degree at Utrecht University in 1990. Recent professional appointments are Chief Scientific Officer at ERC in Belgium and The Netherlands, (2011 to present); Chief Technology Officer, Vice-president at a small biotech spin-off from Utrecht University (2008 to 2011); Special professor immune Intervention, Wageningen University and Research center (2008 to present); Special Professor in Immunology and Virology at North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh. Department of Population Health and Pathobiology (2002 to present) and Head of Department for Vaccine Technology and Immunology (VTI), AKZO NOBEL (1999 to 2008). Dr. Derek O’Hagan was the Global Head of Vaccine Chemistry and Formulation Research for Novartis Vaccines, based in Cambridge, MA until acquisition by GSK in March, 2015. He managed research teams (~50 total staff) in Cambridge and Siena, Italy. He originally qualified as a pharmacist in the UK, and is a former academic researcher who has worked on vaccine delivery in the industry since 1993. He was formerly a Lecturer in Drug Delivery at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK, and received research funding from the World Health Organization, The Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council. He was recruited into the US in 1993, and moved to progress basic research into clinical evaluation, then subsequently worked on several vaccine delivery systems that were evaluated in the clinic, including novel adjuvants, nucleic acid vaccines and needle free vaccines. In the mid 1990’s, Dr. O’Hagan worked on the emulsion adjuvant MF59, which is now included in a licensed flu vaccine in more than 40 countries and is progressing towards licensure in the US. He has co-authored >140 original research publications, >60 book chapters and reviews and I am a named inventor on >60 filed patents. He was awarded the Conference Science medal of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1997, and the Young Investigator Research Achievement Award of the Controlled Release Society in 1999. He was also named as the ‘most inventive scientist’ in Chiron in 2004 and was the lead author on the most cited paper in ‘Vaccine’ 2008-10. Dr. O’Hagan served on the Board of Scientific Advisors for the Controlled Release Society and is a Fellow of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.

Preface

List of contributors

Part I: Perspective on immunological mechanisms underlying adjuvant activity

Chapter 1: Unraveling “the immunologist’s dirty little secret”

Part II: Host-derived immunopotentiators

Chapter 2: Dendritic cells as targets and tools in vaccines

Chapter 3: Host-derived molecules as adjuvants

Part III: Natural and synthetic immunopotentiators

Chapter 4: Innate immune mechanisms and the identification of immune potentiators as vaccine adjuvants

Chapter 5: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants

Chapter 6: Toll-like receptor 4 agonists as vaccine adjuvants

Chapter 7: Immunomodulatory adjuvants from Quillaja saponaria

Part IV: Particulate immunopotentiators and delivery systems

Chapter 8: Microparticles as vaccine delivery systems

Chapter 9: MF59: a safe and potent adjuvant for human use

Chapter 10: Development and evaluation of AS04, a novel and improved adjuvant system containing MPL and aluminum salt

Chapter 11: Virosomes for vaccine delivery

Chapter 12: The ISCOMATRIXâ„¢ adjuvant

Chapter 13: Mineral adjuvants

Part V: Mucosal/nonparenteral adjuvants

Chapter 14: Mucosal adjuvants based on cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin

Chapter 15: Transcutaneous immunization using the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli as an adjuvant

Part VI: Th-1/CTL adjuvants

Chapter 16: T cell adjuvants and novel strategies for their identification

Part VII: Adjuvants in noninfectious disease vaccines

Chapter 17: Vaccination to treat noninfectious diseases: surveying the opportunities

Part VIII: Clinical practice

Chapter 18: Clinical evaluation of adjuvants

Chapter 19: Regulatory considerations in the nonclinical safety assessment of adjuvanted preventive vaccines

Index