Instrumentation Handbook for Biomedical Engineers

Mesut Sahin earned his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Istanbul Technical University in 1986. After graduation, he worked for a telecommunication company, Teletas A.S., in Istanbul in hardware and software development of phone exchanges until 1990. He earned the M.S. degree in 1993 and a Ph.D. degree in 1998, both in biomedical engineering, particularly in the field of neural engineering, from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. After post-doctoral training at the same institute, he joined Louisiana Tech University as an Assistant Professor in 2001. He has been on the faculty of Biomedical Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey since 2005, and currently is a Full Professor, where he teaches bioinstrumentation and neural engineering courses. His research interests are mainly in neural modulation and development of novel neural prosthetic approaches. He has authored more than 90 peer-reviewed publications. Dr Sahin is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems and a Senior Member of IEEE/EMBS. Howard Fidel served as Vice President of Technology for IREX/ Johnson and Johnson Ultrasound, where he developed the market leading Meridian Cardiology system. After leaving Johnson and Johnson in 1986, he founded Universal Sonics Corporation, as a contract engineering company and a manufacturer of OEM Medical Devices supporting the Ultrasound and Medical Device industry. Universal Sonics’ customer base included many well-known clients, including ATL, Acuson, Biosound, and many others. After the acquisition of Universal Sonics by US Surgical, Mr. Fidel left to become Chief Operating Officer of Stern Ultrasound, a startup company that was in the process of developing a mid-market ultrasound system. Later he functioned as C.T.O. and C.O.O of 3G Ultrasound. In 2017, Mr. Fidel became an adjunct Professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology teaching biomedical engineering. Mr. Fidel earned a BE degree with High Honors from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1972, an MS in Bioengineering from the University of Connecticut in 1974, and an MBA with Distinction from Pace University in 1984. He holds eight patents in the ultrasound field. In 2016, he was inducted into the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame. He currently lives in Tarrytown, NY and grew up in Brooklyn, NY. He is married to Professor Marlene Brandt Fidel, and has a daughter, Rivka Fidel, Ph.D. Raquel Perez-Castillejos earned her B.S. degree in telecommunications engineering with a specialization in Microelectronics from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in 1996. She earned her Ph.D. from the Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona in 2003, followed by a post-doctoral stay in 2003–2004 at the University of Sao Paulo and postdoctoral training at Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, from 2004 to 2008. She joined the faculty of the New Jersey Institute of Technology from 2008 to 2016 and is currently an Independent Consultant in Biomedical Devices specialized in applications of microelectronics and microfluidics for cell biology and biochemical analyses. Dr. Raquel Perez-Castillejos has authored and co-authored 29 peer-reviewed papers, 5 patents, and more than 50 conference proceedings abstracts.

Contents

Foreword, xi

Preface, xiii

About the Authors, xv

Abbreviations, xvii

Introduction, xix

Studio 1 ◾ Body Thermometer Using a Wheatstone Bridge

and the Projection Method 1

S1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1

S1.2 BACKGROUND 1

S1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 3

S1.4 SAFETY NOTES 3

S1.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 3

S1.6 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 4

S1.7 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5

S1.7.1 Circuit Testing and Troubleshooting 6

S1.8 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 9

S1.9 POST-LAB QUESTIONS 9

REFERENCES AND MATERIAL FOR FURTHER READING 9

Studio 2 ◾ Electrophysiological Amplifier: Recording

Electrocardiograms Through A Breadboard 11

S2.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 11

S2.2 BACKGROUND 12

S2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 23

S2.4 SAFETY NOTES 24

S2.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 24

S2.6 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 25

S2.7 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 26

S2.8 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 34

S2.9 POST-LAB QUESTIONS 35

S2.10 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITIES 36

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 37

Studio 3 ◾ Small Signal Rectifier-Averager for EMG Signals 39

S3.1 BACKGROUND 39

S3.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 40

S3.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 40

S3.4 SAFETY NOTES 40

S3.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 40

S3.6 CIRCUIT OPERATION 41

S3.7 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 43

S3.8 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 47

S3.9 QUESTIONS FOR BRAINSTORMING 47

S3.10 IMPORTANT TOPICS TO INCLUDE IN THE LAB

REPORT 48

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 48

Studio 4 ◾ Digital Voltmeter: Usage of Analog-to-Digital

Converters 49

S4.1 BACKGROUND 49

S4.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 50

S4.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 50

S4.4 NOTES ON SAFETY 51

S4.5 LIST OF MATERIALS 51

S4.6 CIRCUIT OPERATION 52

S4.7 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 55

S4.8 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 58

S4.9 QUESTIONS FOR BRAINSTORMING 60

S4.10 IMPORTANT TOPICS TO INCLUDE IN THE

LAB REPORT 61

REFERENCES AND MATERIAL FOR FURTHER READING 61

Studio 5 ◾ Force Measurements with PZT Transducers 63

S5.1 BACKGROUND 63

S5.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 63

S5.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 63

S5.4 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 64

S5.5 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 65

S5.6 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 71

S5.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 71

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 72

Studio 6 ◾ Oscillometric Method for Measurement of

Blood Pressure 73

S6.1 BACKGROUND 73

S6.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 74

S6.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 74

S6.4 NOTES ON SAFETY 74

S6.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 74

S6.6 CIRCUIT OPERATION 76

S6.7 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 76

S6.8 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 84

S6.9 IMPORTANT TOPICS TO INCLUDE IN THE LAB

REPORT 85

REFERENCES AND MATERIAL FOR FURTHER READING 85

Studio 7 ◾ Electronic Stethoscope: Heart Sounds 87

S7.1 BACKGROUND 87

S7.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 88

S7.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 88

S7.4 SAFETY NOTES 88

S7.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS, AND SOFTWARE 88

S7.6 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 89

S7.7 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 92

S7.8 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 93

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 93

Studio 8 ◾ Transmission Photoplethysmograph: Fingertip

Optical Heart Rate Monitor 95

S8.1 BACKGROUND 95

S8.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 100

S8.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 101

S8.4 SAFETY NOTES 101

S8.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 101

S8.6 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 102

S8.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 106

S8.8 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 107

S8.9 POST-LAB QUESTIONS 108

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 108

Studio 9 ◾ Measurement of Hand Tremor Forces with

Strain-Gauge Force Transducer 111

S9.1 BACKGROUND 111

S9.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 112

S9.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 112

S9.4 SAFETY NOTES 112

S9.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 112

S9.6 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 114

S9.7 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 120

S9.8 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 121

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 122

Studio 10 ◾ Optical Isolation of Physiological Amplifiers 123

S10.1 BACKGROUND 123

S10.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 123

S10.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 124

S10.4 SAFETY NOTES 124

S10.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 124

S10.6 CIRCUIT OPERATION 125

S10.7 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 127

S10.8 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 130

S10.9 QUESTIONS FOR BRAINSTORMING 132

S10.10 IMPORTANT TOPICS TO INCLUDE IN LAB REPORT 132

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 132

Studio 11 ◾ Extraction of Respiratory Rate from ECG

(ECG-Derived Respiration-EDR) 133

S11.1 BACKGROUND 133

S11.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 133

S11.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 134

S11.4 SAFETY NOTES 134

S11.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 134

S11.6 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 134

S11.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 135

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 139

Studio 12 ◾ Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Frequency

Domain 141

S12.1 BACKGROUND 141

S12.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 143

S12.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 143

S12.4 SAFETY NOTES 143

S12.5 EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE 144

S12.6 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 144

S12.7 DATA ANALYSIS 145

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 152

Studio 13 ◾ AC Impedance of Electrode-Body Interface 153

S13.1 BACKGROUND 153

S13.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENT 154

S13.3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 154

S13.4 SAFETY NOTES 154

S13.5 EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, ELECTRONIC

COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE 155

S13.6 CIRCUIT OPERATION 156

S13.7 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 156

S13.8 CIRCUIT TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING 159

S13.9 QUESTIONS FOR BRAINSTORMING 159

S13.10 IMPORTANT TOPICS TO INCLUDE IN LAB REPORT 159

REFERENCES AND MATERIALS FOR FURTHER READING 160

APPENDIX I: USING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND

CIRCUIT DESIGN, 161

APPENDIX II: REQUIRED EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS, 175

INDEX, 181