Blood Substitutes and Oxygen Biotherapeutics

lt;p>Henry Liu M.D

Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

ATP and Oxygen: the Energy Economy of the Cell.- Physiological Functions of Blood.- Hemoglobin: Physiology and Hemoglobinopathy.- The Global Burden of Anemia.- Blood Component Therapy: the History, Efficacy, and Adverse Effects in Clinical Practice.- Allogeneic Blood Transfusion: Complications and Side Effects.- The  real-time  effects  of  artificial  blood  substitutes  on  the microcirculation.- Vascular endothelium and nitric oxide.- A Brief History of Development of Nanobiotechnology-based Blood Substitutes.- Classification of Blood Substitutes.- Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carriers.- Complications of HBOCs including clinical safety issues.- Free Hemoglobin Toxicity.- Nanotechnology-based oxygen and drug carriers.- Perfluorocarbon-based Oxygen Carriers.- Platelet Substitutes.- Plasma Substitutes.- Novel nanobiotherapeutic based blood substitutes.- Paradigm Shift.- Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitute.- Hemoglobin vesicles as artificial red cells.- Low Volume Resuscitation Agents in Prehospital Medicine.- ErythroMer: Bio-Inspired Artificial Red Blood Cell.- OxyVita-Erythrocruorin.- HemAssist: History, clinical trials.- Development of Recombinant Hemoglobin.- Hemolink-PolyHeme.- Safety and Tolerability Study -in Stable Adult Patients with Sickle Cell disease.- Oxygent-Sanguinate.- M101, the Hemoglobin from the Sea-Hemopure:  clinical trials and current status.- Perftoran: History-Oxycyte-Hemoximer.- Transplantation.- Hemorrhagic Shock: HBOCs in Trauma.- Use of Oxygen.- Regulatory Update.