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Nanomaterials in Clinical Therapeutics

Synthesis and Applications
Buch | Hardcover
544 Seiten
2022
Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)
978-1-119-85723-5 (ISBN)
227,80 inkl. MwSt
NANOMATERIALS IN CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS In this rapidly developing field, the book focuses on the practical elements of nanomaterial creation, characterization, and development, as well as their usage in clinical research.

Nanotechnology-based applications is a rapidly growing field encompassing a diverse range of disciplines that impact our daily lives. Nanotechnology is being used to carry out large-scale reactions in practically every field of biotechnology and healthcare. The incredible progress being made in these applications is particularly true for the healthcare sector, where they are used in cancer detection and treatment, medical implants, tissue engineering, and so forth. Expansions in this discipline are expected to continue in the future, resulting in the creation of a variety of life-saving medical technology and treatment procedures.

The primary goal of this book is to disseminate information on nanotechnology’s applications in the biological sciences. A broad array of nanotechnological approaches utilized in different biological applications are highlighted in the book’s 17 chapters, including the employment of nanotechnology in drug delivery. The first three chapters provide an overview of the history and principles of nanotechnology. The synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials are covered in the next 10 chapters. The last four chapters discuss the use of nanomaterials in clinical research.

Audience
The book will be useful for researchers and graduate students in the many areas of science such as biomedicine, environmental biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, renewable energy, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, microbiology, etc.

Mainak Mukhopadhyay, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, India. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 2014. His research interests include enzymology, nanobiotechnology, and biomass conversion technology. He was awarded Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016 he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DST-SERB. He has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed papers and three review papers, edited one book and 15 book chapters, and filed three patents. Arindam Kuila is an assistant professor at the Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Previously, he worked as a research associate at Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, Bangalore, India. He gained his PhD from the Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2013 in the area of lignocellulosic biofuel production. He has co-authored 18 peer-reviewed research papers and seven review papers, edited four books and eight book chapters, and filed five patents.

Preface xix

Part 1: History and Basic Principles of Nanotechnology 1

1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 3
Rekha Sharma, Kritika S. Sharma and Dinesh Kumar

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Nanoscale Materials: Importance 5

1.3 Nanotechnology: Historical Advances 8

1.4 Nanofabrication Methods in Nanotechnology 9         

1.4.1 Top-Down Method 10

1.4.2 Bottom-Up Method 11

1.5 Carbon Nanoallotropes 13

1.5.1 Fullerene 13

1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 14

1.5.3 Graphene 15

1.6 Classification of the Nanomaterials 16

1.6.1 Based on Dimensions 16

1.6.2 Based on the Structural Configuration 17

1.7 Applications of Nanotechnology 18

1.7.1 Chip-Based Plasmonic Sensors 18

1.7.2 Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensors 20

1.7.3 Colloidal Nanoparticle-Based Plasmonic Sensors 21

1.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 23

Acknowledgment 23

References 24

2 Functional Principal of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 33
Kalyanee Bera, Biva Ghosh and Mainak Mukhopadhyay

2.1 Introduction 34

2.2 Nanoparticles 36

2.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 37

2.4 Metal Nanoparticles 37

2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 38

2.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles 39

2.4.3 Zinc Nanoparticles 39

2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles 40

2.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles 41

2.7 Lipid Nanoparticles 41

2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles (Nanoparticles Made of Polymers) 42

2.8.1 Synthetic 43

2.8.2 Natural 43

2.9 Hydrogel 44

2.10 Nanofibers 45

2.11 Nanocomposites 45

2.12 Nanotechnologies for Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis 46

2.12.1 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays 46

2.12.2 Protein Microarrays/Chips 47

2.12.3 Nanobiosensors 48

2.12.4 PEBBLE Nanosensors (Probes Encapsulated by Biologically Localized Embedding) 48

2.12.5 Quantum Dots 48

2.12.6 Fluorescence Microscopy for Chromosomal Changes 49

2.12.7 Nanobarcodes 49

2.12.8 Protein Biobarcode Assay 50

2.12.9 Cantilever Arrays 50

2.12.10 DNA-Protein and Nanoparticles Conjugates 51

2.12.11 Resonance Light Scattering Technology 52

2.12.12 Method of Colorimetric DNA Detection 52

2.12.13 Upcoming Phosphor Technology Based on Nanoparticles 53

2.13 Clinical Uses of Nanotechnology 53

2.13.1 Application of Nanocrystals in Immunohistochemistry 54

2.13.2 Detection of Illness Biomarkers 54

2.13.3 Disease Gene Detection 54

2.13.4 Detection of Microorganisms 55

2.13.5 Dental Nanotechnology 55

2.14 Nanofilm Applications 56

2.15 Nanomedicine Implementation 57

2.16 Future Prospects 58

2.17 Conclusion 58

References 59

3 Application of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research: Present and Future Prospects 75
Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar

3.1 Introduction 76

3.2 Scope of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 77

3.3 Classification 78

3.3.1 Nanomaterials 78

3.3.1.1 Nanocrystal 80

3.3.1.2 Nanostructures 81

3.3.2 Nanodevices 89

3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology 91

3.4.1 Drug Delivery 93

3.4.2 Cancer Treatment 93

3.4.3 Gene Therapy 95

3.4.4 Tissue Engineering 95

3.4.5 Wound Treatment 96

3.4.6 Visualization 96

3.4.7 Tuberculosis Treatment 97

3.4.8 In Ophthalmology 97

3.4.9 Neurodegenerative Treatment 97

3.4.10 Diabetes Treatment 98

3.4.11 Protein Detection 98

3.4.12 In Surgery 99

3.4.13 Antibiotic Resistance 99

3.4.14 Immune Response 99

3.4.15 Operative Dentistry 101

3.4.16 Diagnostic Techniques 102

3.5 Conclusion 103

Acknowledgment 103

References 104

Part 2: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials 115

4 Fermentation Process Versus Nanotechnology 117
Nabya Nehal, Anushka Mathur, Modhumita Ganguli and Priyanka Singh

4.1 Overview of Microbial Technology 118

4.1.1 Biological Methodologies for Extraction and Purification of Biomolecules 118

4.1.2 Recent Advancements in Bioprocess Technology 119

4.1.2.1 Genetic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis 120

4.1.2.2 Immobilization Techniques 120

4.2 Nanotechnology 123

4.2.1 Classification of Nanostructures 125

4.2.1.1 Organic Nanocarriers 126

4.2.1.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers 127

4.2.2 Self-Assembly 128

4.2.3 Methodology for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 129

4.3 Biogenic Sources 131

4.3.1 From Bacteria 131

4.3.2 Filamentous Fungi 133

4.3.3 Plants 135

4.3.4 Microalgae 135

4.4 The Extent of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Industrial Sectors 139

4.4.1 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sectors 143

4.4.2 Environmental Remediation 146

4.4.3 Food Sectors 148

References 158

5 Application of Geno-Sensors and Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for Gene Delivery 177
Sharmili Roy, Monalisha Ghosh Dastidar, Vivek Sharma, Beom Soo Kim and Rajiv Chandra Rajak

5.1 Introduction 178

5.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Their Application in Gene Delivery 179

5.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 180

5.2.2 Quantum Dots 181

5.2.3 Gold, Silver, and Platinum Nanoparticles 182

5.2.4 Graphene-Based Nanoparticles 186

5.3 Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 187

5.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 188

5.5 Protein, Lipid, and Peptide-Based Nanomaterials and Their Advantages for Gene Delivery 192

5.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Outlook 194

References 196

6 Flexuous Plant Viruses as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 205
De Swarnalok

6.1 Introduction 205

6.2 Plant Virus Particle Structures 207

6.2.1 Viruses With Icosahedral Symmetry 207

6.2.2 Viruses with Helical Symmetry 208

6.2.2.1 Rigid Rod-Like Viruses 208

6.2.2.2 Flexuous Filament-Like Viruses 209

6.3 Virus Nanoparticles and Virus-Like Particles 209

6.3.1 VNPs 209

6.3.2 VLPs 210

6.4 Production Platforms for VNPs and VLPs 210

6.4.1 VNPs/VLPs in Plants 211

6.4.2 VLPs via In Vitro Assembly 212

6.5 Functionalization of Viruses 212

6.5.1 Genetic Engineering 213

6.5.2 Chemical Conjugation 213

6.5.3 Other Functionalization Strategies 214

6.6 Uses of Flexuous Plant Viruses in Medicine 214

6.6.1 Vaccination and Immunotherapy 214

6.6.2 3D Tissue Engineering 215

6.6.3 Drug Delivery and Targeting 215

6.6.4 Bioimaging 216

6.6.5 Biosensing 217

6.7 Conclusions 217

References 218

7 Role of Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis 225
Tanya Kapoor, Md Azizur Rahman, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash

7.1 Introduction 225

7.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 227

7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles 227

7.4 Biochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles 228

7.5 Green Synthesis Approach for NPs 232

7.6 Plants’ Role in the Green Synthesis of NPs 232

7.7 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes 234

7.8 Nanoparticles Role in Photosynthesis 235

7.9 Applications of Green Synthesis NPs 235

7.10 Conclusion 237

References 237

8 Static DNA Nanostructures and Their Applications 245
Debalina Bhattacharya

8.1 Introduction 245

8.1.1 DNA Structure 245

8.1.2 Types of DNA Structures 247

8.2 Static DNA Nanostructures 247

8.2.1 DNA Tile Assembly 248

8.2.2 DNA Origami and Brick Assembly 251

8.3 DNA Origami Nanostructure 251

8.4 DNA Polyhedra 252

8.5 DNA-Functionalized Nanoparticles 253

8.6 Stability in Biological Fluid and Cellular Uptake of DNA-NSs and DNA-NPs 254

8.7 Application 255

8.7.1 DNA Nanostructures as Biosensors 255

8.7.2 DNA in Therapeutics 257

8.7.3 Photo Thermal Therapy and Photo Dynamic Therapy 258

8.7.4 DNA-Based Enzyme Reactors 259

8.7.5 DNA-Based Gene Delivery 260

8.7.6 DNA Scaffolds for Nanophotonics 261

8.7.7 Conclusion 261

References 262

9 Protein-Based Nanostructures 269
Ditipriya Hazra and Amlan Roychowdhury

9.1 Introduction 269

9.2 Peptide-Based Nanoparticle 270

9.3 Protein-Based Nanostructure 271

9.3.1 Oligomerization of Protein 272

9.3.2 Repeat Domain Proteins 273

9.3.3 Protein-Based 2D and 3D Lattice Assembly of Nanoparticles 274

9.3.4 Covalently Assembled Single Chain-Based Nanostructure 274

9.4 Application of Protein-Based Nanostructures in Therapeutics 275

9.4.1 Protein Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery 275

9.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines 275

9.4.3 Hydrogel 277

References 278

10 Nanocomposites-Based Biodegradable Polymers 285
Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar

10.1 Introduction 286

10.2 Nanocomposite 287

10.3 Biodegradable Polymer 288

10.4 Biopolymer 289

10.5 Nanofillers 289

10.6 Cellulose and Its Sources 289

10.7 Nanocellulose 291

10.8 Nanocellulose Composite Processing 292

10.8.1 Melt Mixing Method 293

10.8.1.1 Injection Molding Method 294

10.8.1.2 Resin Transfer Molding Method 295

10.8.1.3 Extrusion Method 296

10.8.2 Solution Casting Method 297

10.8.3 Particle Suspensions Method 299

10.8.4 In-Situ Polymerization Method 300

10.8.5 Layer-by-Layer Lamination Method 303

10.9 Nanocomposites Used as Packaging Materials 305

10.10 Future Perspective and Application 306

10.11 Conclusions 307

References 308

11 Instrumentation for the Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials 317
Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira, Débora Kono Taketa Moreira, Yvan Jesus Olortiga Asencios, João Moreira Neto and Luiza Helena da Silva Martins

11.1 Introduction 318

11.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM] 319

11.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis [EDX] 320

11.4 Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM] 322

11.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM] 323

11.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [STM] 325

11.7 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 327

11.8 Raman Spectroscopy 329

11.9 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 330

11.10 X-Ray Diffraction [XRD] 332

11.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy [XPS] 333

11.12 Zeta Potential 335

11.13 Conclusions 336

References 337

12 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 343
Monika Yadav, Sneha Upreti and Priyanka Singh

12.1 Introduction 344

12.2 Categorization of Nanoparticles 346

12.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 346

12.2.1.1 Polymeric Micelles 346

12.2.1.2 Nanosphere 347

12.2.1.3 Nanocapsules 347

12.2.1.4 Polymerosome 347

12.2.1.5 Nanogels 348

12.2.1.6 Dendrimers 348

12.2.1.7 Nanocomplex 349

12.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 349

12.2.2.1 Liposomes 349

12.2.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 349

12.2.2.3 Lipoplexes 349

12.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 350

12.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles 350

12.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 350

12.2.3.3 Silica Nanoparticles 351

12.2.3.4 Quantum Dots 351

12.2.3.5 Nanocarbons 351

12.2.4 Bioinspired Nanoparticles 352

12.2.4.1 Exosomes 352

12.2.4.2 Protein Nanoparticles 352

12.2.4.3 DNA Nanostructures 352

12.2.5 Hybrid Nanoparticles 353

12.2.5.1 Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles 353

12.2.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites 353

12.2.5.3 Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles (LPNs) 354

12.3 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications 354

12.3.1 Bacteria 355

12.3.2 Molds and Yeast 356

12.3.3 Microalgae 357

12.4 Agriculture and Food Nanotechnology 358

12.4.1 Food Nanotechnology 359

12.4.1.1 Food Processing 359

12.4.1.2 Food Packaging 359

12.4.2 Agriculture Nanotechnology 360

12.4.3 Enzyme Nanotechnology 360

12.5 Role of Nanoparticles in the Medical Field 361

12.5.1 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Applications 362

12.5.1.1 Drug Loading 362

12.5.1.2 Covalent Bonding (Prodrug) 362

12.5.1.3 Noncovalent Encapsulation 363

12.6 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 363

12.6.1 Application of NPs in Food Industry 364

12.6.2 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Pharmaceuticals Industry 368

12.6.2.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Detection, Diagnosis and Imaging 369

12.6.2.2 In Drug Liberation 370

12.6.2.3 In Magnetic Partition and Recognition 372

12.6.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetic Sector 373

12.6.4 Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 375

12.6.4.1 Dendrimers in the Process of Bioremediation 376

12.6.4.2 Carbon Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 377

12.6.4.3 Biogenic Uraninite NMs in Bioremediation 378

12.7 Conclusion 378

References 379

13 Bio-Nanostructures: Applications and Perspectives 393
Tanya Kapoor, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash

13.1 Introduction 393

13.2 Classification of Nanostructures 394

13.2.1 Self-Assembled Nanostructures 394

13.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanostructures 394

13.2.3 Nanocellulose Nanostructures 395

13.2.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanostructures 395

13.2.5 Silica-Based Nanostructures 396

13.3 Characterization Method of Nanostructures 396

13.4 Applications of Bio-Nanoparticles 401

13.5 Conclusion 404

References 405

Part 3: Application of Nanomaterials in Clinical Research 411

14 Nanomaterials for Tissue Grafting 413
Paramjeet Singh, Atanu Kotal and Avik Acharya Chowdhury

14.1 Introduction 414

14.2 Tissue Engineering 415

14.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 416

14.2.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 418

14.2.3 Tissue Grafting 420

14.3 What is Nanotechnology? 422

14.4 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles 423

14.4.1 Nanomaterials 423

14.4.1.1 Organic Nanomaterials 423

14.4.1.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 424

14.4.1.3 Composite Nanomaterials 424

14.4.2 Nanoparticles 425

14.4.2.1 Nanoparticles as Bioactive Agents 431

14.4.2.2 Scaffolds and Nanoparticles 431

14.5 Future Prospects 433

14.6 Conclusion 435

References 436

15 Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy 441
Kaliyaperumal Rekha, Nalok Dutta, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Usman, Mihir Bhatta, Kunal Ghosh, Shaheer Arif and Muhammad Naeem

15.1 Introduction 442

15.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment 442

15.3 Drug Nanocarriers Classification 444

15.4 Organic Nanocarriers 444

15.4.1 Liposomes 444

15.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 445

15.4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles 446

15.4.4 Polymer Micelles 446

15.4.5 Dendrimers 446

15.4.6 Polymersomes 447

15.4.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 447

15.4.8 Mineral Nanoparticles 448

15.5 Tumor Targeting by Nanoparticles 448

15.6 Utilization of Nanoparticles in Imaging and Treatment for Cancer 449

15.7 Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer 450

15.8 The Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Cancer 451

15.9 Conclusion 452

References 452

16 Nanoantibiotics 459
Rituparna Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay

16.1 Introduction 460

16.2 Nanoantibiotics—A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics? 461

16.3 Developmental Strategy of Nanoantibiotics Over Antibiotics 462

16.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoantibiotics 463

16.5 Common Functions of Nanoantibiotics 463

16.6 Nanomaterials—A Suitable Source of Nanoantibiotics 464

16.7 Types of Nanoantibiotics 465

16.7.1 Through Direct Formulations 465

16.7.1.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles 465

16.7.1.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 466

16.7.1.3 Nanoemulsions 466

16.7.1.4 Nanocomposites 466

16.7.2 Through Indirect Formulations 467

16.7.2.1 Polymers 467

16.7.2.2 Dendrimers 467

16.7.2.3 Hydrogels 468

16.7.2.4 Liposomes 468

16.8 Advantages of Nanoantibiotics 468

16.9 Disadvantages of Nanoantibiotics 469

16.10 Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with Nanoantibiotics 469

16.11 Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Nanoantibiotics 470

16.12 Development of Targeted Therapy Using Nanoantibiotics 470

16.13 Future Prospects of Nanoantibiotics 471

16.14 Conclusion 471

References 472

17 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Its Use in Biomedicine 479
Arka Mukhopadhyay

17.1 Introduction 480

17.2 Biomedical Payloads 482

17.2.1 Imaging 482

17.2.1.1 Optical Imaging 482

17.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 486

17.2.1.3 Computed Tomography 486

17.2.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography 486

17.2.1.5 Photo Acoustic Tomography 486

17.2.1.6 Ultrasound 488

17.2.1.7 Multimodal Image Therapy 488

17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy 488

17.2.3 Targeted Gene Therapy 489

17.2.4 Photothermal Therapy 489

17.3 Carrier 490

17.3.1 Polymers 491

17.3.2 Lipids 491

17.3.3 Dendrimers 491

17.3.4 Inorganic Nanocarriers 492

17.4 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Applications 492

17.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 492

17.4.2 Quantum Dots 493

17.4.3 Anisotropic Nanoparticles 494

17.4.4 Upconverting Nanoparticles 494

17.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 495

17.4.6 Dendrimers 496

17.4.7 Other Nanomaterials 496

17.4.7.1 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles (GNPs) 496

17.4.7.2 Conjugated Polymers 498

17.5 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 499

17.6 Conclusions: Challenges and Future Perspectives 501

References 503

Appendix 509

Index 511

Erscheinungsdatum
Sprache englisch
Maße 10 x 10 mm
Gewicht 454 g
Themenwelt Medizin / Pharmazie Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie Orthopädie
Technik Maschinenbau
Technik Medizintechnik
Technik Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
ISBN-10 1-119-85723-6 / 1119857236
ISBN-13 978-1-119-85723-5 / 9781119857235
Zustand Neuware
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