Muscle Relaxants

1. History of Muscle Relaxants.- Some Early Approaches to Relaxation in the United Kingdom.- The Final Steps Leading to the Anesthetic Use of Muscle Relaxants 8/TOC>.- History of Muscle Relaxants in Japan.- 2. The Neuromuscular Junctions - Update.- Mechanisms of Action of Reversal Agents.- Nicotinic Recentors.- The Neuromuscular Junction - Basic Receptor Pharmacology.- Muscle Contraction and Calcium Ion.- 3. Current Basic Experimental Works Related to Neuromuscular Blockade in Present and Future.- Preiunctional Actions of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- Approaches to Short-Acting Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.- Effects Other than Relaxation of Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants.- Regulation of Innervation-Related Properties of Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells by Transmitter and Co-Transmitters.- 4. Current Clinical Experimental Works Related to Neuromuscular Blockade in Present and Future.- Where Should Experimental Works Be Conducted?.- Muscle Relaxants in the Intensive Care Unit.- New Relaxants in the Operating Room.- Kinetic-Dynamic Modelling of Neuromuscular Blockade.- 5. Basic Aspects of Neuromuscular Junction.- Physiology of the Neuromuscular Junction.- Properties of ?7-Containing Acetylcholine Receptors and Their Expression in Both Neurons and Muscle.- Molecular Biology of Neuromuscular Transmission.- Presynaptic Neuromuscular Blockade.- The Function of the ACh Receptor Channel.- 6. Onset of Action.- Differences of Onset of Different Muscles in Man and Their Consequences on Monitoring of Neuromuscular Transmission.- Structure-Onset Relationship of Steroidal Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.- A Blueprint for a Fast Acting Non-Depolarizing Drug.- 7. Relaxants in ICU.- Benzylisoquinolinium Compounds in the Critically Ill Patient.- The Long-Term Use of Pipecuronium in Cardiac and Esophageal Surgery Patients.- Mechanisms - Changes Induced by Long-Term High-Dose Muscle Relaxant Administration.- 8. Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Metabolites.- Metabolism and Metabolites of Benzylisoquinolinium Diester Compounds.- Conceptual Building Blocks in Developing a Pharmacodynamic Model for a Muscle Relaxant.- Structure-Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Steroidal Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Aminosteroidal Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Their Metabolites.- 9. Uses in Special Groups.- Pharmacokinetics of Muscle Relaxants in Children.- Muscle Relaxants in Elderly Patients.- Muscle Relaxants in patients with Renal or Hepatic Failure.- The Influence of Temperature on the Adductor Pollicis Twitch Tension in the Presence and Absence of Vecuronium.- 10. Monitoring.- The Iceberg Theory - Fact or Fiction? Implication for Monitoring.- New Aspects of Double Burst Stimulation.- 11. Drug Interactions.- Interactions of Volatile Anesthetics with Non-Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.- Interaction Between Calcium Antagonists and Muscle Relaxants.- Dexamethasone Induces nAChRs Upregulation in C2C12 Mouse Myotubes.- Interaction Between Muscle Relaxants.- 12. Methods of Administration.- The Pharmacokinetics of the Three Isomers of Mivacurium Chloride in Healthy, Renal and Hepatic Patients Given Short or Prolonged Infusions of the Drug.- Methods of Administration of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Different Modes of Rocuronium Administration.- Making the Administration Simple and Safe.- 13. Reversal of Blockade.- Problems with Reversal in Adults.- Ventilation and Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs.- Reversal of Mivacurium: Neostigmine, Edrophonium, or Spontaneous Recovery - Which Makes More Sense?.- Anticholinesterase Agents: An Odyssey.- 14. Future of Muscle Relaxants.- Future Goals of the Benzylisoquinolinium Ester Program.- Is a Non-Depolarising Suxamethonium an Achievable Target?.- The Future of Muscle Relaxants Outside the Operating Room.- 15. Scientific Presentations.- Recovery Characteristics After Early Administration of Anticholinesterases During Intense Mivacurium-Induced Block.- Assessment of the Optimal Interval of Tetanic Stimulation for Post-Tetanic Count.- Clinical Assessment of a New Neuromuscular Monitoring System: TOF Guard(R) - A Comparison with the Conventional Method.- Onset and Duration of Rocuronium and Succinylcholine at the Adductor Pollicis and Laryngeal Adductor Muscles in Patients Anesthetized with Fentanyl and Propofol.- The Mechanisms of the Differential Sensitivity to Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants of the Adductor and Abductor Laryngeal Muscles in Rat.- Rocuronium Neuromuscular Blockade at Guinea Pig Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles and the Cranial Tibial Muscle.- Fibers, Endplates and Acetylcholine Receptors in Limb, Abdominal, Laryngeal and Diaphragm Muscles in the Cat.- Recovery and Reversal of Mivacurium Neuromuscular Blockade with Neostigmine and Edrophonium in Paediatric Patients.- Neuromuscular Effects of Mivacurium When Preceded by Succinylcholine in Children.- Isobolographic Analysis of the Interaction Between Hexamethonium and Decamethonium.- Synergism Between Atracurium and Vecuronium with Mivacurium.- Influence of Bambuterol on the Duration of Action of Mivacurium Induced Neuromuscular Blockade.- Onsets of Train-of-Four Responses and Discomfort Associated With the Ulnar Nerve Stimuli at Varying Currents.- A Method for Studying Interaction Between Non-Deporalizing Neuromuscular Blockers and Other Drugs in Vivo.- Time Course of Neuromuscular Block of Vecuronium Analogues and d-Tubocurarine in the Chick Biventer Cervicis Muscle.- Female Rats are More Sensitive to the Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Rocuronium than Male Rats.- The Effect of Cardiac Output on the Onset of Neuromuscular Blockade of Vecuronium and Pancuronium.- Correlation of the Speed of Onset of the Effective Relaxation with Vecuronium 0.15 mg/kg with Body Mass and the Size of the Priming Dose.- Functional Heterogeneity of Murine Mucosal and Connective Tissue Mast Cells in Response to Six Kinds of Muscle Relaxants in Vitro.- Hemodynamic Evaluation of Pancuronium Bromide by the Transesophageal Echocardiography.- Neuromuscular Blocking Effects of Org-9487 in the in Vitro Rat Hemidiaphragm/phrenic Nerve Preparation.- Neuromuscular Refractoriness, Prejunctional Block and MgSO4 in the Pig.- Comparative Studies of Pipecuronium and Tubocurarine on Releases of Histamine and N-Methylhistamine in Surgical Patients.- The Effects of Rocuronium in Infants, Children and Adults.- Augmentation of Succinylcholine on the Neuromuscular Blocking Effect of Vecuronium in Pediatrics.- Efficient Method for Administration of Neostigmine to Antagonize Neuromuscular Blockade by Vecuronium.- Antagonism of Mivacurium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Man: Edrophonium Dose Requirements at Threshold Train-of-Four Count of Four.- Edrophonium Antagonism of Constant Mivacurium Infusion.- Comparison of the Neuromuscular Effects of SZ1676, SZ1677 and Vecuronium in Beagle Dogs.- The Protein Binding of SZ1676, SZ1677 and Rocuronium and Their Inhibitory Effect on Human Cholinesterases.- Comparison of the Neuromuscular Effects of SZ1676 and Vecuronium in Guinea-Pig.- Postsynaptic Nicotinic Receptor Desensitized by Non-Contractile Ca2+ Mobilization (Ramic) via Protein Kinase-C Activation at the Mouse Neuromuscular Junction.- The Influence of Cold on the Recovery Index of Vecuronium and Decamethonium in Man.- Discrepancy of Recovery Times Related to Potency Between Atracurium and Mivacurium Simultaneously Administered into the Isolated Forearms.- Disposition of Mivacurium Isomers in Patients Undergoing Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- The Duration of Vecuronium Action Shortened After Kidney Transplantation.- Evaluation of 51W89 for Endotracheal Intubation and Repeated Doses.- A New Technique for the Facilitation of Rapid Sequence Intubation: "The Prime Time Principle".- Pharmacodynamics of Pipecuronium in Patients with Decreased Renal Function.- The Sensitivity of the Neonatal Rat to Mivacurium Relative to Mature Rats.- The Effects of Sevoflurane, Halothane and Balanced Anaesthesia on Vecuronium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Children.- The Effects of Succinylcholine-Induced Fasciculation on Energy Metabolism in Rat Denervated Skeletal Muscle Studied by 31P-NMR.- The Potency and Time Course of the Neuromuscular Effects of SZ1676 and Its Hydroxy Analogs in Guinea-Pigs.- Comparison of the Neuromuscular and Circulatory Effects of SZ1676, SZ1677 and Rocuronium in Cats.- Comparative Pharmacodynamics of SZ1677 and Rocuronium in Laryngeal Muscles of the Guinea Pig.- Do Antiarrhythmic Dose of Magnesium Have Prejunctional Neuromuscular Block in Human Being.- The Roles of the Equilibrium Dissociation Constant and the Receptor Concentration on the Time Course of Neuromuscular Block.- Safety and Efficacy of Surgeon-Controlled Mivacurium Administration During Elective Caesarean Section.- Dose Response Relationship of Mivacurium in Patients Homozygous for the Atypical Cholinesterase Gene.- Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Shortens the Action of Vecuronium.- Mivacurium-Induced Neuromuscular Blockade (NB) Is Not Affected by Chronic Anticonvulsant Therapy with Carbamazepine.- Does Chronic Anticonvulsant Therapy with Carbamazepine Affect the Atracurium Induced Neuromuscular Blockade?.- An Anesthesia for the Patient Who Was Suspected the Lambert-Eaton Syndrome by an Unexpected Prolongation of Vecuronium.- Quantifying the Effect of Enflurane on Infusion Requirements of Atracurium and Vecuronium.- Effect of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane on the Potencies of the Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Rat in Vivo.- Comparative Neuromuscular Inhibition of Volatile Anesthetics Using Repetitive Stimulation.- Potentiation of Vecuronium by Desflurane vs. Isoflurane.- Neuromuscular Recovery During Washout of Desflurane vs. Isoflurane.- Pharmacodynamics of Rocuronium in Comparison with that of Vecuronium.- Co-Administration of Two Muscle Relaxants: When Are the Effects Supra-Additive?.- Neuromuscular Interaction Between Succinylcholine and Esmolol in the Rat.- Intubating Conditions and Haemodynamic Effects of Rapid Sequence Induction with Fentanyl, Propofol and Rocuronium.- The Usefulness of Neuromuscular Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit - A Report of Three Cases.- Comparison of Respiratory Sparing Effect on Pancuronium, Vecuronium and Rocuronium in Rats in Vivo.- Difference of Recovery of Neuromuscular Function in Adductor Pollicis and Flexor Hallucis Brevis Following Muscle Relaxation with Vecuronium.